IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Phfttnoranhir 

Sciences 
Cornoration 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


vV 


tH- 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
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L'Institut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessou!>. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
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□ 


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Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverturn  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicuiee 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  litre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

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Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


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□    Pages  damaged/ 
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□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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lie  Edition  disponible 


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D 


Additional  comments:/ 
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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


T 


V 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Archives  of  Ontario 
Toronto 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film^'fut  reproduit  grice  i  la 
ginirositi  ds:' 

Archives  of  Ontario 
Toronto 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmage. 


Original  copiea  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion.  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatratad  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —•>(  meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  ccuverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  filmis  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  ampreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  seion  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
dlmpression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
damiire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
caa:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bonom.  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rcnts. 
Lorsque  la  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  filmi  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  k  droite, 
et  do  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


MI 


fhos 


Rj 


tl«' 


THE 


i^ 


a 


MINERAL   REGION    OF    LAKE    ^;UPER10R: 


#-'' 


coMrnisiNo 
ITS   EARLY  fllSTORY, 

nm  purts  of  Dr.  Douglass  Ilongliton's  Reports  of  184i  and 
■43  rclaliug  to  tlio  Mineralogy  of  the  District; 

REFOKTS     Of     THF,     LIN  FAR      AND      GEOLOGICAL     SURVEYS     0» 

1845;  A  KOTicK  or  mining  coMrANni.s—TiiEin  oFFiCKiia 

AMI  i.OCATIO.N.s;  WITH  AN  ACCURATE  LIST  OF  L0CATION3 
AND    LEASES    UP    TO 

JULY    17,    1846; 


ANO 


1.  rAtllETt  OF  STATISTICAL  INFOUMATION,  INTEIIDSTINO  A.TO 
t;3EKUL  TO  THOSE  VISITING  THE  MINiUAL  BISTRICT; 

ACCOMPANIED  BY  TUB 

COBRECTED  MAP  OF  THE  liHNERAL  AGENCY  OFFICE. 

AND  A 

CHART  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


rtrsy*  i-v»>^-./s/>#>**^^ 


BY  JACOB  HOUGHTON,  JR. 


BUFFALO: 

OLIVER   a.    STEELE. 
184G. 


9Vll 

P'.ntered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  18-10. 

BY  JACOB  HOUGHTON,  JR., 

In  th«  Clerk's  OHicc  of  the   District  Court  for  the  District  oi 

Michigan. 


v(  11 

pres( 
prize 
man 

of  tl] 

i.'om 
eno( 
recc 
re-r 
con 
mar 

I 
leas 
ten 
knc 
sel' 

J 


I 


P  il  E  F  A  C  E . 


This  volume  is  presented  to  tl.c  public,  as  the  eecorul  ciiitiou 
vi  a  work  publi.^hed  by  the   aiuhor,   early  in  the  spring  of  the 
present  year,  in  ..■onnectlou  with  Mr.  T.  W.  Bristol.     It  corn- 
prizes-,   in  acUlltiun   to   the    same    nnttci— whieh    has   received 
many  iinportant  corrections,  a  brief  sketch  of  the  early  hi-otory 
of  the  Mineral  Region,  notices  of  nearly  fifty  additional  mining 
compaDicL^,  iiits  of  locations  and  leases  with  explanatory  refer- 
ences,  and    much  other   valuable   information.     The  lavorable 
reception  of  the  first   edition  has  been  the  encouragement   to  a 
re-publication  of  the  work,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  public  will 
continue  their  kind  patrona-o,  for  which,  il  need  hardly  be  said, 

many  thanks  are  due. 

In' speaking  of  the  tracts  on  Isle  Royale,  it  is  mentioned  that 
leases  of  them  have  been  granted.  When  the  article  was  writ- 
ten, it  was  confidently  so  reported,  but  the  contrary  is  now 
known.  Parties  are,  however,  going  on  and  establishing  them- 
selves on  the  tracts  which  they  claim. 

Buffalo,  Jiihj  31,  1846.  s 


INDEX. 


>..v-^s.»..v/\-, 


..i.!LTi:.-z.  CInudp, 

Arp:i!liceoiis  Shitea,         04  .100 

Bi;],.  V/m.  A.  Jieport  of,  S  1 

Baron  L\i  MoMtiui,  J 2 

O.iuihyoix,  1',  Do  La  "' 
CoC'T'-,  C;ij)t.  Jon, '.than, 

4  (  _  .  ' 


Oonf^lonu'ratc  Hock,        07  114 
CiHy^;;-ite,  110 

^A^!t5r'■:^i^on  of  the  voms  of 
Con.v/al!,  with  iho  veins 
af  !iio  Luke  Superior 
noun  try,  G! 

^..oh  nii>uraneous   aiul    triio 

topnt'}-  rock  of  Ontonagon 
^^rivc;-,        _  75 

5^-0  ■'•'     cr  di.s!anccs  around 

I'-  '     K^upcrior,  l-h^ 

D;i)u  102 

Lurfy  History  of  the    Min- 
ora'  tJepion,  9 


JO  Mining-    rnterprlzeg,     Ills. 

tuiyoft^),.  5^^ 

M;i!iiic  of  Lake  Superior, 

Ili.slory  of  iho  31 

^^  iMinera'sv^  niiiicral  vcIns,3G  11!) 

I'^l  i^l-jtamoi-i^liic   ilock?'-.  107 

!•>  iVJixcl    o'j  i;Iunicraic    nnd 


s^mdroM;,  115 
iVlinin^i;Co:iip;inios,  Lint  of  147 
Poriniijinc  ii:ountaiu3,  91  101 
himriry  lior'k.'^,  93  105 
rn-^'iuo  I.s!l',  n 
Pigeon  Hivcr  and  tlie  coun- 
try west,  79 
iicd  and  variegated  sand- 
stone, 95 
Red  sandstone,        101   HQ  lis 


oa 


^Johooicraft,   Henry  il. 

Section  iUustfativ.-  of  the 
order  of  superposition  of 
the  rorks  of  i!ie  Upper 
Poninsnla, 


?fl'^^A^exanderr^ ''''"''  '^  ^'''''    ''''''   ""^^ 


20 


35 


xluby.^  I,  Jjela,  Report  of    104  Sianard's   Roek,  j 

V  p  •    ,  '''   ''^   ^'-M^    i-angc  of  Keewenaw 

r.  ,....'.    /°"'^'  m       Point,  87 


87  89 
123 


Llu- o;  r.itive  nir'tals&orcs,  131 
Li-oM>eations^^^'- i'       ^^'i 

...  )  ^o.  3, 

-•^^:^--      ',  Rene, 
MgKc,  ;ie,  Alexander, 


18.9 

10 
17 


I  raj)  Rocks,  m 
'I'rap  Dylics,  Ji|;i|! 
Veins  and  veinstones,  98 
Vein  of  black  oxyd  at  Cop- 
per Harbor,  55 
Walker  and  Douglass,  Let- 
ter to  Hon.  Lucius  Lyon,  84 


( 


( 


1 


liie 

'*/i 

f^'tt 

^rior, 

31 

113,3' 

3119 

107 

n!i(] 

115 

rd  of 

147 

91 

101 

03 

105 

53 

oun- 

78 

anJ- 

95 

no 

118 

20 

the 

1  of 

:ipcr 

35 

and 

87  89 

J  23 

law 

87  90 

III 

117 

98 

'op- 

55 

^et- 

fon, 

84 

^ 


EARLY  HISTORY 


OP  THE 


Mineral  Region  of  Lake  Superior. 


Long  prior  to  the  visit  of  tho  first  white  man  to  the 
north-west  portion  of  the  United  States,  the  existence  of 
mineral  of  some  kind  was  known  to  the  wandering  tribes 
of  Indians,  who  ranged  over  tho  country.     When  the 
first  Jesuit  Missionary  penetrated  the  wilderness,   he 
heard  a  wild  tradition,  related  by  the  simple  savage  of 
the  ibrest,  that  there  was  a  largo  island  in  the  great  sea 
before  them,  where  the  Great  Spirit  resided.     That  the 
island  was  full  of  a  bright  metal,  supposed  to  be  gold. 
No  one  ever  approached  it  and   returned,   for  it  was 
guarded  by  fire,  and  often  times  the  deep  roar  of  the 
Spirit  in  anger  made  the  earth  tremble  as  with  fear. 
That  sometimes  the  sun  was  darkened,  and  the  whole 
earth  covered  as  with  a  cloud  by  the  smoke  which  as- 
cended from  the  distant  mountains.     The  natural  rev- 
erence of  the  untutored  savage  was  strongly  excited  by 
such  awful  exhibitions  of  the  power  of  the  Great  Spirit 
they  worshiped.     When  the  sky  was  clear,  they  said 
the  island,  the  seat  of  his  power,  was  distinctly  visible; 
but  woe  unto  the  man  who  dared  approach  it.     Once 


..1* 


I 


10 


3I1NERAL    REGION 


and  once  only,  did  the  tradition  t(dl  of  a  brave  and  res- 
olute Chief  wlio  reached  this  island,  and  loatled  hifi? 
canoe  with  the  golden  sand — but  he  had  scarcely  taken 
his  Icavo,  before  the  lightniugs  gleamed  from  the  moun- 
tains, the  earth  tossed  to  and  fro,  and  the  sea,  lashed 
into  foan)  by  the  unseen  spirit,  ftist  fullowing  his  frail 
canoe — destroys  him.  Such  is  the  outline  of  the  first 
information  respecting  mineral  wealth  on  the  shores  or 
islands  of  Lake  Superior.  It  was  treated  like  the  fabu- 
lous accounts  of  the  fountain  of  Youth  or  the  isle  of 
Atlantis.  But  it  would  now  seem  that  the  tradition  had 
more  foundation  than  was  supposed.  It  evidently  refers 
in  point  of  time,  to  the  period  when  the  volcanoes  in 
that  region  were  in  active  operation.  We  find  now 
the  unerring  indications  of  volcanic  action,  and  the  time 
was  when  those  dwelling  on  the  shores  of  that  inland 
sea,  must  have  heard  and  witnessed  the  awfid  explo- 
sions and  eruptions  of  a  volcano,  and  seen  the  earth 
roll  to  and  fro,  and  the  sea  lashed  into  foam  by  the 
convulsions  of  earthquakes.  This  tradition  is  alluded 
to  by  all  the  early  explorers  of  that  region,  and  partic- 
ularly by  Carver,  Henry  and  McKenzie. 

Passing  from  fable  and  tradition,  of  which  there  is 
ample  to  satisfy  the  most  craving  appetite,  wo  find  the 
first  mention  of  the  actual  existence  of  copper,  in  the 
journal  of  Father  Claude  Allouez,*  a  Jesuit  Missionar}', 
who  at  that  time  established  a  mission  at  La  Pointe. 
This  worthy  minister  left  Montreal  in  August,   1665, 


*Rene  Mesnard  was  the  first  white  man  who  explored  the  Lake  Superior 
country.  He  was  there  in  lOGO,  and  while  at  the  Kcewenan  Portage,  his  voya- 
gers were  "making  the  portage,"  he  wandered  into  the  woods  and  never  after 
was  seen  or  heard  of. 


( 


^ 


4 


OF    LAKE    SUPKIIIOU. 


11 


nd  ros- 

Icd   liif? 

y  taken 

1  moiin- 

I  ashed 

lis  frail 

he  iirsl 

loros  or 

10  fabu- 

islo  ol' 

ion  had 

y  refers 

inoes  in 

id    now 

[he  time 

:  inhmd 

[  cxplo- 

0  earth 

by  the 

aUuded 

partic- 

thcro  is 
find  the 
,  in  the 
jionary, 
Pointc, 
,   1665, 


e  Superior 
,  his  voya- 
uever  after 


and  took  the  usual  route  up  the  Ottowa  river,  tlirongh 
Lake  Nipissing,  down  what  is  now  known  as  French 
river  to  Lake  Huron,  and  from  tiien(;e  to  Lake  Superior. 
This  route,  so  little  known  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  even  at  the  present  time,    is   the  one   through 
which  the  immense  trade  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
North    West   Fur  Companies  is  carried  on  with    that 
region.     It  is   more   than   four   hundred   miles  less  by 
this  route  from  Lake  Superior  to  Quebec,  than  by  Lakes 
Huron,  St.    Clair,   Erie   and   Ontario.     On  the  2nd  of 
Septcmljer  of  that  year,  Claude  Allouez  reached  Lake 
Superior,    which   he  says  the   Indians   reverence   as  a 
divinity.     He   pursued    his   t(>dious    and    solitary  way 
along  the  shores  of  the  lake,  noticing  every  prominent 
point  or  remarkable  object.     He  informs  us  the  Indians 
told   him   that   there  was  a  very   large   mass  of  entire 
copper  near  the  shore  of  the  lake,  but  that  he  searched 
for  it  in  vain.     That  his  information  was  correct  has 
since  been  demonstrated;  for  the  large  mass  of  copper 
now  in  the  Navy  Yard  at  Washington,  weighing  nearly 
two  tons,   was  found  on  tlie   Ontonagon  river,   about 
sixteen  miles  from  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  his  examination;  for  he  states  that 
after  his  search  ho  proceeded  and  reached  a  large  Chip- 
pewa village,  called  Che-gov-me.gon,  about  eighty  miles 
west  of  the  Ontonagon  river,  on  the  1st  day  of  October, 
1665.     Many  other  allusions  are  found  in  the  journals 
of  the  early  Jesuit  Missionaries,  of  the  existence  of  an 
abundance  of  copper  throughout  this  region.     We  arc 
struck,  now,  with  the  accuracy  of  their  accounts,  as  in 
the  instance  of  the  existence  of  the  large  piece  of  copper 
mentioned  by  Father  Allouez,  as  well  as  in  the  general 
description  of  the  scenery  on  the  coast. 


19 


IMINKIIAL    RECJION 


In  1()89,  Baron  La  Ilontan  gave  to  tlio  world  ii  book 
of  travels  in  Canada,  lie  Ibllowcd  in  tlio  footsteps  of 
Alloucz,  and  describes  many  of  the  same  t)bjects. 
After  describing*  LaivC  Superior,  or  as  it  was  call(;d 
more  frequently,  Lac  Tracct/,  and  the  country  about  it 
ho  closes  by  saying  "that  upon  it  we  also  liiid  copper 
mines,  the  metal  of  which  is  so  firm  and  plentiful  that 
there  is  not  a  seventh  j)art  base  from  the  ore." 

The  tradition  referred  to,  and  the  mention  of  the  ex- 
istence of  copper  and  copper  mines  in  the  narratives  of 
Alloucz  ar.d  La  Ilontan,  are  all  I  liave  been  able  to  find 
on  this  interesting  and  e.xeiling  subject,  prior  to  the 
commencement  of  the  year  1700. 

Prior  to  the  conunencement  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  huml)lc  but  sincere  Missionary,  influenced  by  no 
selfish  motive,  but  kindling  with  a  heroism  that  defied  all 
danger,  that  could  endure  without  ennplaint  all  toil,  and 
anxious  only  to  spread  the  light  of  the  gospel  throughout 
the  habitable  world,  had  planted  the  cross  at  numerous 
points  from  the  Atlantic  to  Lake  Superior.  I'he  records 
of  the  Missionary  establishments  must  contain  much  in- 
formation, of  a  highly  interesting  character.  But  we 
have  had  no  access  to  them,  and  cannot  pretend  to  draw 
from  their  rich  stores  of  knowledge. 

In  1721,  P.  De  Charlevoix,  following  in  the  footsteps 
of  xMlouez  and  La  Ilontan,  passed  up  the  St-  Lawrence, 
through  the  then  usual  route,  visited  Lake  Superior,  and 
finally  crossed  from  the  lakes  to  the  Mississippi,  and 
explored  that  river  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  His  pub- 
lished account  is  much  more  minute  than  those  who 
preccedcd  him,  entering  more  into  detail  as  to  the  re- 
sources of  the  country  he  passed  through.     Speaking 


4 


\ 


OF    LAKK    RUPERIOn. 


13 


(1  u  book 
ilstcps  of 

()l)j«.'CtS. 

IS  callotl 

about  it 

I  copper 

iful  that 

f  the  cx- 
ativcs  of 
lo  to  find 
r  to  the 

century, 
d  l)y  no 
loficd  all 
toil,  and 
rougbout 
u  mo  reus 
)  records 
riuch  in- 

lUit  W(; 

to  draw 

footsteps 
iwrcnce, 
rior,  and 
ppi,  and 
lis  pub- 
DSG  who 
the  re- 
)  peaking 


4 


4 


of  Lake  Superior,  ho  says,  "Large  pieces  of  copper  arc 
found  in  some  places  on  its  banks,  and  around  some  of 
the  islands,  which  arc  still  the  objr^cts  of  a  superstitious 
worship   auKjng  the    Indians.     They   look   upon   them 
with  veneration,   as  if  they  were  the  presents  of  those 
gods  who  dwell  under  the  waters:  thfy  collect  the  small- 
est fragments  which  they  carefidly  preserve,   without, 
however,    making  any  use  o^'  them.     They    say  that 
formerly  a  large  rock  of  this  metal  was  to  be  seen  ele- 
vated a  considerable   height   above  the   surface  of  the 
water,  and  as  it  has  now  disMj)pr'ared,  they  pretend  the 
gods  liave  carried  it  elsewhere;  but  there  is  great  rea- 
son to  believe  that  in  process  of  time  the  waves  of  the 
lake  have  covered  it  entirely  with  sand   and  slime;  and 
it  is  certain  that  in  several  places,   pretty   large  quanti- 
ties of  this  metal   have  been   discovered   without  being 
obliged  to  dig  very  deep.     During  the  course  of  my  first 
voyage  to  this  country,  1  was  acquainted  with  one  of 
our  order,  [the  Jesuits,]  who  had  been  formerly  a  gold- 
smith,  and   Mdio,  while   he  was   at  the   mission  of  the 
Smi/f  dc  Sic  Maries  used  to  search  for  this  metal,  and 
made  candlesticks,  crosses,  and  censors  of  it;  for  this 
copper  is  often  to  be  met  with  almost  entirely  pure." 

In  .Fune,  1705,  Capt.  Jonathan  Carver  left  Boston  to 
visit  the  country  bordering  upon  the  lakes.  Ilia  route 
was  tlirough  Albany  to  Niagara.  Whether  he  passed 
through  Lake  Erie,  or  took  the  route  through  Lake 
Simcoe  to  Lake  Huron  is  somewhat  doubtful.  The 
starting  point  of  his  travels,  he  says  was  Michillimaci- 
nac.  From  thence  he  coasted  to  Green  Bay  in  com- 
pany with  several  of  the  fur  traders  of  the  Noith  West. 
He  ascended  the  Fox  river,  through  Lake  Winnebago, 


r 


........J    ......  .■».»j..i»m» 


MINERAL    REGIOIV 


crossed  to  the  Wisconsin  river,  and  descended  the  latter 
to  the  Mississippi.  He  mentions  particularly  the  lead 
mines  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Wisconsin.  He  ancended 
the  Mississi[)pi  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  during  the 
year  1706,  and  returned  to  St.  Peter's  river  and  re- 
mained with  the  Indian  tiibes  in  that  vicitiitv  until  the 
spring  of  1707.  He  then  retraced  his  steps  to  the  mouth 
of  Chippewa  river  and  up  that  river  to  an  lnd;.tn  town 
of  that  name.  He  crossed  over  to  a  head  branch  of  the 
St.  Croix  river,  "and  descended  this  branch  to  a  fork, 
and  then  ascended  another  to  its  source.  On  both  these 
rivers  I  discovered  several  mines  of  virgin  copper, 
ivhich  2vas  as  fine  as  that  found  i .t  any  other  country.'^ 
This  is  the  first  mention  of  copper  mines  by  Carver. 
His  route  from  the  head  waters  of  tlic  St.  Croix,  was  to 
the  sources  of  a  river  which  he  named  Goddard's  river, 
but  which  is  probably  the  Bois  Brule,  and  which  he  de- 
scended to  Lake  Superior.  Ho  says  that  the  Ontonagon 
river  is  *':.emarkablc  for  the  abundance  of  virgin  copper 
that  is  found  on  and  near  its  banks,  a  metal  which  is 
iiiet  with  also  in  several  other  places  on  this  coast." 
*'I  observed,"  says  he  "that  many  of  the  small  islands, 
particularly  those  on  the  eastern  shores,  were  covered 
with  copper  ore.'^  Flis  book  has  oft-jn  been  called  but 
a  second  edition  of  Gulliver's  travels,  and  his  account 
of  the  country  supposed  by  many  to  be  wholly  the  work 
of  an  active  imagination.  1  think  that,  full  reliance 
cannot  be  placed  upon  his  statements,  although  I  have 
sought  in  vain  to  find  any  record  or  evidence  of  his 
having  obtained  a  permit,  or  made  a  location,  or  organ- 
ized a  co?7ipany,  for  the  purpose  of  selling  the  stock;  no 
imputation   of  this   kind  can   be   successfully    brought 


i 


Of    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


15 


ho  latter 
,ho  lead 
nceiided 
■ing  the 
and  re- 
intil  the 
e  mouth 
m  town 
h  of  the 
a  fork, 
th  these 
copver, 
mntry.^^ 
Carver. 
,  was  to 
's  river, 
\\  he  de- 
tonagon 
1  copper 
vhich  is 
coast." 
islands, 
covered 
illed  hut 
account 
le  work 
reliance 
I  have 
)  of  his 
r  organ- 
:ock;  no 
brought 


A 


against  hi»n.  That  he  visited  the  places,  or  most  of 
them,  ho  describes,  tliere  is  now  no  good  reason  to 
doubt,  though  his  statements  generally  are  to  be  receiv- 
ed with  many  grains  of  allowence.  The  publication  of 
his  travels  ])roduced  such  a  sensation  in  England,  that 
a  Copper  Company  was  forihwith  organized  for  the 
purpose^  of  working  the  mines.  Several  of  the  nobility 
engcigud  in  this  enterprizo,  and  among  others,  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  and  Sir  William  Johnson.  This  was  in 
1771.  This  company  engaged  in  their  arduous  under- 
taking with  great  spirit.  They  obtained  a  considerable 
quantity  of  pure  co])per,  by  digging  in  the  alluvial  banks 
of  the  Ontonagon  river,  and  it  is  stated  in  the  published 
account  that  "a  Mr.  Norberg,  a  Russian  gentleman, 
•'acquainted  with  minerals,''  found  on  or  near  Point 
aux  Iroquois,  a  lumpof  5/7i;er,  which,  upon  analysis,  was 
found  to  contain  sixty  'per  cent  of  pure  silver.  It  was 
taken  to  England  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum, 
where  it  undoubtedly  may  be  found  at  the  present  time. 

A  query  has  been  raised  whether  this  was  not  a  mass 
of  cloride  of  silver,  and  we  hope  that  some  one  having 
access  to  the  British  Museum  may  examine  it,  and  give 
the  result  of  such  examination  to  the  public. 

Mr.  Alexander  Henry,  the  historian  of  this  English 
company,  gives  a  minute  account  of  their  operations. 
He  says,  after  having  examined  the  Canadian  shore, 
"they  returned  and  then  coasted  n-estward,  but  found 
nothing  until  we  reached  the  Ontonagon;  where,  besides 
the  detached  masses  of  copper  formerly  mentioned,  we 
saw  much  of  the  same  metal  imbedded  in  stone. 

Proposing  to  ourselves  to  make  a  trial  on  the  hill,  till 
we  were  better  able  to  go  to  work  upon  the  solid  rock, 


I 


lij 


MINERAL    REOIOIV 


we  built  a  house  and  sent  to  SauU  de  Ste  Marie  lor 
jDi-ovisions.  At  the  spot  pitched  upon  for  the  commence  ■ 
ment  of  our  operation,  a  green  colored  water  ^yhic]l 
tinges  iron  of  a  co])per  color  issued  from  the  hill,  and 
this  the  miners  called  a  leader/^ 

In  digging  they   found  frequent  masses  of  copper, 
some  of  which  were  of  three  pounds  weight.     Having 
arranged  every   thing   for   the  accommodation  of  th( 
miners   during  the  winter,    we  returned  to  the   Sault. 
*'Early  in  the   spring  of  1772,  wo   sent  a  boat   load  of 
provis'ons,  but  it  came  back  on  the  20th  oi"  June,  bring- 
mg  wi.h  it,  to  our  surprise,  the  whole  establishment  of 
miners.     They  reported  that  in  the  course  of  the  win- 
ter, they  had  penetrated  forty  feet  into  the  face  of  the 
hill,  but  on  the  arrival  of  the  thaw,   the  clay  on  which, 
on  account  of  its  stiffness,  they  had  relied,  and  neglect- 
ed to  secure  by  pro[)er  su|)porlerS;   liad  fallen  in;  that 
from  the  detached  masses  of  metal,   which  to  the   last 
had  daily   presented   themselves,   they  supposed   there 
might  be  Ultimately  reached,  a  body  of  the  same:  but 
could  form  no  conjecture  of  its  distance,  except  that  it 
was  probably  so  far  off,  as  not  to  be  pursued  without 
sinking  an  air   shaft;   and   lastly,  that  the  work   would 
require  the  hands  of  more  men  than  could  be  fed,  in  the 
actual  state  of  the  country. 

Here  our  operations  ended.  The  metal  was  probably 
within  our  reach,  but  if  we  had  found  it,  the  expense  of 
carrying  it  to  Montral,  must  have  exceeded  its  market- 
able value.  It  was  never  for  the  exportation  of  copper, 
our  company  was  formed,  but  always  with  a  view  to  the 
silver,  which  it  was  hoped  the  ores,  whether  of  copi^r 
or  lead,  might  in  sufficient  quantity  contain." 


^», 


Marie  lor 

Dmmoncc  ■ 

or  \yliicli 

hill,  and 

f  copp(,'r. 
Having 
)n  of  the 
le  Sault. 
it  load  of 
10,  bring- 
hment  of 

the  win- 
Lce  of  the 
n  which, 

ncglcct- 

in;  that 
•  the  last 
ed  there 
a  me:  but 
it  that  it 

without 
k  would 
?d,  in  the 

probably 
pense  of 
markot- 
'  copper, 
'W  to  the 
copjycr 


OF    LAKfJ    SUPJauOR. 

The  operations  of  the  English  mining  company,  show 
the  necessity  of  acting  under  the  advice  of  those  who 
are  thoroughly  versed  in  the  science  of  mineralo^v  and 
geology.  Had  this  company  been  guided  by  scientific 
men,  the  result  would  have  doubtless  boon  very  different, 
for  the  digging  for  ore  at  the  places  mentioned  are  well 
termed  by  Dr.  Houghton  in  his  report,  "  as  Quixotic 
attempts,  and  resulting,  as  might  have  been  anticipated, 
in  a  failure,  to  find  the  obifjct  sought.'^  Althoue^h  more 
than  seventy  years  have  elapsed  since  that  company 
abandoned  their  works,  still  the  place  on  Miner's  river, 
as  well  as  on  the  Ontonagon,  where  they  commenced 
their  excavations,  are  distinctly  visible.  The  names  of 
several  of  the  men  employed,  were  cut  in  the  rock  at 
the  mouth  of  Miner's  river,  where  they  arc  still  to  be 
seen. 

The  next  accounts  we  have  of  these  mines  arc  from 
the  ])en  of  Alexander  McKenzie,  who  embarked  on  a 
voyage  in  the  North-west,  in  the  year  1789.  His  ob- 
ject seemed  to  be  more  for  the  purpose  of  discovering 
new  regions,  than  to  lay  open  the  resources  of  those 
already  known;  and  he  pushed  on  through  the  lake,  and 
far  into  the  country,  whose  waters  flow  into  the  North- 
ern  Ocean.  For  iiis  daring  spirit  of  adventure,  he  was 
knighted.  He  says,  in  speaking  of  Lake  Superior,  that 
"on  the  same  side,  (the  south,)  at  the  'Tonogon,  is 
found  a  quantity  of  Virgin  Copper.  The  Americans, 
soon  after  they  got  possession  oT  that  country,  sent  at. 
agent  thither,  and  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  hear  of 
their  employing  people  to  work  the  mines.  Indeed,  it 
migiit  be  well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  British  subjects 
to  work  tlie  mines  on  the  North  coast,  though  they  arc 


18 


.MINERAL    REGION 


•!» 


I 


not  supposed  to  l^o  so   rich   as  liiose  on   the  fcloiUli." 
I  liavc  sought  in  vain  for  the  evidence  of  an  appoint- 
ment of  an  agent  by  our  govcrnnienl,  as  nienlioncd  by 
McKenzie,  in  the  extract  1  have  given  from  liis  travels. 
TJio  first  trace  of  any  action  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment about  tlio  mines  on  Lake  Superior,  was  during 
the  administration  of  President  John  Adams.      On  tlie 
IGth  of  April.  1800,  Congress  passed  a  resolution,  which 
may  bo  Cound   on   page  403  of  the  third    volume  of  the 
Laws  of  the   United   States,    ''resjjecthig  the    Copper 
mines  on  the  South  side   of  Lake   Superior.-     This 
resolution   provides  "that  the   President  of  the  United 
States  be  authorized  to  employ  an  agent,  who  shall  be 
instructed  to  collect  all  material  information  relative  to 
the  Copper  mines  on  the  South  side  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  to  ascertain  whether  the  Indian  title  to  such  lands 
as  might  be  required  for  the  use  of  the  United  States, 
m  case  tliey  should  deem  it  expedient  to  work  the  said 
mines,  be  yet  subsisting,  and  if  so  the  terms  on  which 
the  same  can  be  extinguished;  and  that  the  said  agent 
be  instructed  to  make  report  to  the  President  in  such 
time  that  the  information  he  may  collect,   may  be  laid 
before  Congress  at  their  next  session.''     This  action  of 
Congress  was  taken  at  a  time  when  a  large  increase  of 
our  navy,  the  right  arm  of  our  defence  as  a  nation,  was 
contemplated,  and  copper  was  in  much  demand  for  the 
use  of  our  ships  of  war.      Whether  an  agent  was  ever 
appointed,  or  if  appoirrted,  whether  he  ever  visited  the 
country  is  not  known  to  us.     It  seems,  however,  proba- 
ble from  all  we  do  know,  that  the  jealousy  of  the  North- 
western   Indians,   excited   to   acts    of   hostility    by   the 
English  government,  prevented  the  examination  as  con^ 
template.!  by  the  resolution  of  Congress. 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


19 


fcioiUli." 

aj)poiDt- 
ioncd  by 
s  travels, 
ites  Gov- 
is  during 

Oil  tlio 
n,  which 
no  oi'  the 

Copper 
iliis 
3  United 
shall  be 
;lativc  to 
Superior, 
3h  lands 
1  States, 
the  said 
1  which 
d  agent 
in  such 

be  laid 
ction  of 
rease  of 
on,  was 

for  the 
'as  ever 
ited  the 
,  proba- 

North- 
by  the 
as  con" 


The  only  further  action  of  our  government  in  relation 
to  the  mines  at  this  period,  which  we  have  been  able  to 
ascertain,  was  to  test  the  quality  of  the  copper,  wliich 
might  be  produced.  Mr.  Custis,  the  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary from  the  United  Slates  forwarded  to  t!\e  mint 
ofUtrctcht,  in  the  Netherlands,  specimens  of  the  native 
copper  found  on  Lake  Superior,  with  a  request  that  the 
same  should  be  analyzed.  The  inspectors  of  the  mint 
in  communicating  the  result  ot"  the  analysis,  speak  of 
the  properties  of  the  copper,  as  well  as  the  manner  of 
its  production  in  the  form  in  which  it  is  found.  ^'Frorn 
every  appearance,''  he  sa3^s,  "the  piece  of  copper  seems 
to  have  been  taken  from  a  mass  that  has  undergone 
fusion.  The  me/ ting  was,  however,  not  an  operation 
of  art,  hut  a  natural  eject  caused  bij  a  volcanic  eruption. 
The  stream  of  lava  probably  carried  in  its  course  the 
aforesaid  body  of  copper  that  had  Ibrmed  into  one  col- 
lection, as  fast  as  it  was  heated  enough  to  run  from  all 
parts  of  the  mine.  The  united  mass  was  probably  borne 
in  this  manner  to  the  place  where  it  now  rests  in  the  soil. 
The  crystalized  form  observable  every  where  on  the 
original  surface  of  the  metal,  that  has  been  left  untouch- 
ed or  undisturbed,  leads  me  to  presume  that  the  fusion 
it  has  sustained  was  by  a  process  of  nature;  since  this 
crystalized  surface  can  only  be  suj)posed  to  have  been 
^/i  "iduced  by  a  slow  and  gi-adual  cooling,  whereby  the 
copper  assumed  regular  iigures  as  its  heat  passed  into 
other  substances,  and  the  metal  itself  lay  exposed  to  the 


air.'' 


"As  to  the  properties  of  the  copper  itself,  it  may  be 
observed  that  its  color  is  a  clear  red;  that  it  is  peculiarly 
qualilied  for  rolling  and  forging;  and  that  its  excellence 


w  J 


II 


}tiltK0>tcam'Mfm>'u>t'^fwmm  >  im^mv 


m 


WINEIIAL    REOrON 


I 


is  indicated   by  its   rcs.oinblanco  to  the  copper  usuallv 
employed  by  the    Kngb'sh  in   plating.     The  dealers  in 
copper  call  thi.i  sort  Peruvian  copper,  to  distinguish  it 
from  that  of  Stvcden,  which   is   much   less   malleable. 
The  specimen  under  consideration  is  incomparably  bet- 
ter than   Sicedis/i   copper,  as  well  on  account  of  its  bril- 
liant color,   as   for  the   fineness   of  ils  pores,   and   its 
extreme    ductility.      *  -    *     The   examination    of  the 
Noi-th  American  copper,  in  the  sample  received  from 
his   Excellency,  the   Minister,    by  the   operation  of  the 
cupel,  and  test  by  fire,  has  jiroved  that  it  does  not  con- 
tain the  smallest  particle  of  silver,  gold,  or  any  other 
metal.'' 

In  1819  our  government  had  its  attention  again  called 
to  the  region,  and  an  expedition  was  fitted  out  under  the 
command  of  General  Cass,  ihen   Governor  of  the  Ter- 
ritory  of   Michigan.     The   main   object    sought  to  be 
attained,  was  the   settlement  of  the  difficulties  existing 
among  the  various  Indian  tribes,  living  on  the  borders 
of  the  lake  and  extending  beyond  the  Mississippi.     But 
while  this  was  the  object,  the  resolution  of  Congress  of 
leoo  was  not  lost  sight  of,  and  instructions  were  given 
to  collect    such  facts  in  relation  to  the  country,  as  was 
contemplated  by  Congress  in  the  passage  of  the  resolu- 
tion   referred   to.      Hon.    Henry    R.    Schoolcarft,    had 
charge  of  this  subject,  and  by  his  industry  and  knowl- 
edge   of   the    country,    collected    a    valuable    mass    of 
historical   facts,   all   tending  to   show  the  existence  of 
copper  at  many  points,   both  on  main  land  anrl  the  is- 
lands.    His  examinations  were,  however,  of  a  cursory 
and  superficial  character,   and  not  calculated  to  deter- 
mine accurately  the  location  of  the  mines,  if  any  existed. 


I 


lor  usual ly 
dcalers  in 
stingiu'sh  it 
malleable, 
arably  bot- 
of  its  bril- 
's,   and   its 
on    of  the 
?ivcd  Trom 
Lion  of  the 
s  not  con- 
any  oilier 

^ain  called 
under  the 
fthc  Ter- 
ght  to   be 
s  existing 
10  borders 
ippi.     But 
ingress  of 
ere  given 
y,  as  was 
le  resolu- 
arft,    had 
id  knowl- 
mass    of 
stence  of 
nd  the  is- 
i  cursory 
to  dcter- 
y  existed. 


I 


op    LAKE    SLTERIOR. 

His  general  conclusions  are,  that,  though  many  large 
masses  of  copper  have  been  found,  yet,  "no  bodv  of  it 
which  is  sufficiently  extensive,  to  become  the  object  of 
protitablc  mining  operations,  is  now  known  to  exist  in 
any  particular  place;''  but  that  a  mineralogical  survey 
of  the  country  would  doubtless  bring  to  light  the  partic- 
ular locations  of  the  mines,  which  he  thought  must  exist 
in  the  country.  We  have  been  essentially  aided  in  our 
examination,  by  the  clear  and  able  articles  he  wrote  on 
this  subject,  though  there  is  nothing  in  his  report  or 
description  of  the  country,  which  would  enable  a  geolo- 
gist or  mineralogist  to  form  any  accurate  opinion  or 
judgement  respecting  even  the  probability  of  the  exist- 
ence of  mines. 

In  1881,  a  second  expedition  was  sent  out  by  the 
United  States  government,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing the  sources  of  the  Mississippi.  It  was  under  the 
command  of  Mr.  Schoolcraft.  The  object  sought  for 
was  successfully  accomplished.  Attached  to  this  party 
was  fDr.  Douglass  Houghton,  whose  name  has  since 
become  so  thoroughly  identified  with  that  region.  The 
general  character  of  the  country,  and  its  geological  fea- 
tures were  carefully  observed,  but  further  than  this,  little 
was  added  to  the  stock  of  knowledge  already  obtained, 
respecting  the  mineral  resources  of  the  country. 

In  1830,  Michigan  as  a  sovereign  and  independent 
State,  came  into  the  Union,  and  within  little  more  than 
a  year,  had  organized  a  State  Geological  Department, 
for  the  purpose  of  more  speedily  developing  the  hidden 
resources  of  the  State.  Dr.  Houghton  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  this  department,  and  C.  C.  Douglass  and  Bela 
Hubbard  was  his  assistants  in  mineralogy  and  geology. 


*  I 


0.'2 


MINERAL    RE(;iON 


iti 

M 


'I 


The  nnnuLil  reports  from  tliis  department  made  known 
the  practical  results  of  this  enterprize,  as  well  as  the  zeal 
with  which  it  was  prosecuted.  In  the  course  of  these 
explorations,  in  1840,  the  Geological  corps  carried  their 
researches  into  the  wild,  but  interesting  region  of  Lake 
Superior.  And  tlie  fourth  annual  report  exhibits  the 
progress  of  the  work  in  ihat  rich  lield  of  scientific 
observation. 

As  our  knowledge  of  that  region  liad  hitherto  been 
coniined  to  the  exceedingly  imperfect  and  unlimited 
observations  of  voyaging  travellers,  mingled  with  much 
that  was  conjectural,  or  merely  fanciful,  the  'ucid  state- 
ments of  fact,  and  the  extended  and  accural  informa- 
tion there  brought  to  view,  gave  a  peculiar  value  to  this 
report.  All  that  portion  of  the  report  devoted  to  *'Mines 
and  Minerals,"  will  be  found  in  the  following  pages. 

We  commend  this  report  to  the  careful  perusd  of  all 
those  who  are  desirous  of  obtaining  any  knowledge  of 
the  subject.  The  Geological  survey  of  Michigan  was 
prosecuted  with  vigor  until  the  State  was  paralyzed  by 
the  financial  crisis  which  extended  over  our  whole 
country.  In  1844,  Dv.  Houghton  devised  the  plan  of 
connecting  the  linear  surveys  of  the  public  lands  of  the 
United  States,  with  a  geological  and  mineralogical  sur- 
vey of  the  country.  This  plan  was  fully  set  forth  in  a 
paper  prepared  and  read  by  him  before  the  association 
of  Geologists  at  Washington,  in  that  year.  The  im- 
mense advantages  likely  to  result  from  such  a  survey, 
if  successfully  carried  into  execution,  was  at  once  com- 
prehended. The  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office  having  obtained  a  promise  from  Dr.  II.  that  he 
would  undertake  the  work,  recommended  to  Congress 


i 


OF    LAKK    SrPERIOR. 


2S 


lo  known 
;  tlio  zeal 
of  those 
•icd  thoir 
of  Lake 
libits  the 
scientific 

ito  been 
\n  limited 
ith  much 
cid  slatc- 
informa- 
.\Q  to  this 
>  "Mines 
)agcs. 
s'll  of  all 
V ledge  of 
gan  was 
lyzed  by 
ir  whole 
plan  of 
ds  of  the 
>'ical  sur- 
brth  in  a 
sociation 
The  im- 
1  survey, 
nee  com- 
ral  Land 
.  that  he 
O'ongress 


an  appropriation  for  that  purpose.  This  was  made  and 
the  survey  commenced  by  Dr.  Ilougliton.  It  was  while 
engaged  in  this  work,  that  Dr.  11.  lo.st  his  life,  being 
wrecked  in  a  storm  on  Lake  Superior,  on  the  IJUh  of 
October,  1815. 

According  to  the  plan  of  this  work,  a  full  and  minute 
report  was  to  have  been  prcptired  and  returned  by  Dr. 
FI.  to  the  office  of  the  Surveyor  Gcnerat.  In  lieu  there- 
of, the  administrators  of  his  estate  cau?;ed  the  reports  of 
Messrs.  Burt  and  Hubbard,  which  follow,  to  be  prepar- 
ed, and  returned  with  the  field  notes  and  maps  of  the 
survey.  These  reports  give  a  concise  and  comprehen- 
sive description  of  the  country  over  wiiich  the  surveys 
have  been  extended,  and  embrace  the  very  latest  reliable 
information. 

Annexed  hereto  is  a  list  of  the  Mining  companies. 
This  list  cannot  be  expected  to  be  complete,  for  new 
companies  are  springing  up  daily  in  every  part  of  the 
United  States,  which  fact  renders  it  impossible  to  make 
out  an  entire  list,  and  I  have  met  with  great  difliculty 
in  furnishing  this  imperfect  one. 

Under  the  administration  of  Jolin  Tyler,  a  treaty  with 
the  Chippewa  Indians  was  made  by  Robert  Stewart,  in 
the  summer  of  1842.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  in  February,  1843. 

By  this  treaty,  all  of  the  country  east  of  Fond  du  Lac, 
inc'uding  the  islands  in  Lake  Superior,  not  previously 
acquired,  was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  Immediately 
after  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  applications  were 
made  for  permits  to  explore  and  dig  for  copper  ore  on 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  SuperioT.  Tlie  Secretary  of 
War  considered  these  applications,  and  in  the  spring  of 


1'  ,1 

i 


24 


MINERAL    IIICGION 


« 


i 


1843,  issued  three  permits  to  Ansley,  to  Wilson  and 
Carson,  and  to  Turner  and  Snyder.  Those  wore  the 
first  permits  that  wore  granted. 

Sometime  in  may,  a  party  of  explorers  landed  at 
Copper  Harbor,  consisting  ot'  Col.  White,  Capt.  Sago 
and  Mr.  Havens  of  Dubiuiuc.  They  went  as  the  agents 
of  Turner  and  Snyder.  They,  however,  were  unable 
to  secure  a  location. 

In  the  spring  of  1843,  Walter  Cunningham  was  ap- 
pointed Specitd  Agent  for  the  mines  on  Lake  Superior, 
and  on  the  18th  of  June,  in  company  with  some  twenty 
persons,  he  landed  at  Copper  Harbor,  where  he  estab- 
lished his  agency.  This  agency  remained  at  Copper 
Harbor  until  the  spring  of  1846,  when  it  was  removed 
by  Gen.  .Toim  Stockton,  the  present  agent,  to  Sault  de 
Ste  Marie,  with  assistants  stationed  at  Copper  Harbor, 
at  the  mouth  of  Ontonagon  river,  and  La  Pointe.  On 
the  18th  of  June,  leases  1  and  4  were  made;  4  for  Ans- 
ley &  Co.,  and  1  for  Wilson  &  Co.  Leases  2  and  5 
on  Eagle  river,  were  taken  by  the  same  parties  about 
ten  davs  after. 

About  that  time  Col.  Charles  H.  Gratiot,  with  a  com- 
pany of  miners  from  Gratiot's  Grove,  arrived  at  Copper 
Harbor,  and  also  a  company  consisting  of  Thomas 
Carrol  and  others,  from  Vinegar  Hill,  Wisconsin. 
This  last  company  immediately  proceeded  up  the  lake 
as  far  as  Ontonagon  river.  They  here  found  James 
Paul  and  Nick  D.  Miniclicr,  who  had  reached  there 
some  time  in  the  month  of  March,  having  crossed  the 
country  by  land  from  Piattvillc.  Paul  and  Miniclier 
were  the  first  miners  who  came  into  the  country,  for 
the  purpose  of  mining,   after  those  under  Henry,  in 


1 


I 


OF    LAKE    SUPKRIOR. 


25 


soil  anu 
^vorc  the 

mded  at 
[)t.  Sago 
iG  agents 
c  unable 

was  ap- 

5iiporior, 
0  twenty 
he  cstab- 
;  Copper 
removed 
Sault  de 
Harbor, 
lite.  On 
lor  Ans- 
2  and  5 
ics  about 

h  a  com- 

it  Copper 

Thomas 

isconsin. 

the  lake 

id  James 

icd  there 

ossed  the 

Miniclier 

ntry,  tor 

lenry,  in 


r/71.     Tlicy  had  come  to  take,  and  were  in  possession 
of  the  cojiper  rock. 

In  the  lead  region  of  Wisconsin,  Illinois  and  Iowa, 
;n  })rospecting  for  that  ore,  wiiich  is  there  found  in  liio 
metaliiforous  limerock,  the  miners  sink  their  shafts  in 
the  "swaijs--  or  swales,  ami  thoy  not  unfre(iuently  sink 
to  a  (IcpUi  of  from  00  to  lOt)  feet- without  meeting  with 
a  "lod ',"'  if  not  altog.-ther  unsuccessful.  In  imitation 
of  this  style  of  prospecting,  Carroll  and  his  men  sunk 
several  shafts  in  the  clay  banks  of  Onlonngon  river,  at 
what  points  I  have  be(^n  unable  to  ascertain.  Like 
Henry,  who  liad  followed  the  same  course  before  them, 
they  met  with  quite  a  number  of  boulders  of  native  cop- 
per, like  him  they  were  unsuccessful  in  striking  a  lode, 
and  like  him  they  returned  without  being  able  to  accom- 
plish anything. 

On  the  2'M  of  July,  Joab  Bernard  made  lease  No.  7. 
Gratiot,  Bernard  and  Mandlebaum  then  coasted  from 
Eagle  river  to  La  Pointc,  and  examined  particularly  tho 
Porcupine  mountains.  From  La  Pointc  they  proceeded 
to  Isle  Royal,  and  thence  home  via.  Sault  de  Sle  Mario. 
On  this  trip  Cratiot  and  Bernard  concocted  the  plan  of 
forming  the  Lake  Superior  Company,  and  they  may 
truly  be  said  to  have  been  the  founders  of  this  company. 
They  persevered  through  all  difliculties,  and  though  at 
times  disheartened,  they  would  return  to  their  work 
with  increased  diligence,  and  urge  on  their  co-partners. 

In  the  summer,  1844,  C.  C.  Douglass,  formerly  As- 
sistant Slate  Geologist  of  Michigan,  was  employed  by 
the  Lake  Superior  Company  to  explore  their  locations 
already  made,  and  also  to  explore  for  the  purpose  of 
making  further  locations.     During  these  explorations, 


rr 


56 


MINERAL    IU:(;lON 


k 


f 


Mr.  Douglass  discovered  qiiito  a  niunber  of  veins,  sev- 
eral of  wiiieli  have  biiiee  Ijeeii  proved  lo  be  Uinoiig  tlie 
richest  in  the  country.  Mr.  Douglass  had  tlio  manage- 
ment of  most  of  the  field  work  for  that  (-'jnipany. 

Sometime  in  July,  the  same  Company  emp!(jyed  Dr. 
Charles  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  to  examine  the  veins 
upon  their  locations,  and  to  make  out  a  rej)ort  of  the 
result  of  his  examinations,  and  also  lo  give  his  opinions:' 
ns  to  the  practicability  of  working  the  veins  that  /tad 
been,  and  might  be  discovered.  lie  immediately  left 
Bo-ton,  aiul  visited  several  of  the  Company's  locations, 
but  was  mostly  conlined  to  Leas(!  No.  2,  to  which  hib 
rej)ort  entirely  relates.  On  account  of  the  slight  exam- 
inations which  he  was  enabled  to  make,  the  situation  of 
the  country  being  unfavorable  at  that  limu,  lie  could  nut 
make  out  as  decisive  a  report  as  tiie  Company  had  de- 
sired, and  it  was  looked  upon  as  rather  unfavorable  lo 
the  working  of  the  mines. 

During  the  wintei  o'C  ]'.S44  and  ISir),  ('ol.  Charles 
H.  Graliot  remaie.'jd  up'.u  No.  'J,  with  a  company  of 
miners,  in  order  more  fully  to  test  the  vein  upon  which 
they  were  at  work.  In  the  spring  of  1815,  the  Compa- 
ny sent  on  a  large  number  of  miners  and  laborers,  and 
also  castings  for  mills.  The  forest  soon  echoed  to  the 
sound  of  busy  Hie,  and  the  haunts  of  beasts  became  the 
habitations  of  men.  During  the  course  of  the  summer, 
a  saw  mill,  and  also  a  stamping  and  crushing  mill  were 
erected,  and  improvements  in  every  part  of  the  country 
rapidly  progressed. 

Several  Companies  grew  up,  as  it  were,  with  the 
Lake  Superior  Company,  and  may  be  numbered  as  the 
(irst  companies.     These  arc  The  Pittsburgh  and  Boston 


i 


I 


i 


'^ 


OP    LAKK    .SUPKIUOIl. 


27 


IS,  sor- 

llg    tllL 

an  age- 

t 

0(1  Dr. 

0  veins 
of  the; 

pillion^' 
lat  had 
(■ly  left 
nations, 
icli  liib 
;  cxuni- 
ition  oi' 
>Lilcl  not 
)ad  (Ic- 
I'ablo  lo 

Jliarlc:? 
)anv  of 

1  which 
l^om  pa- 
rs, and 
d  to  the 
imc  the 
u  miner, 
ill  were 
country 

'ith  tlie 

1  as  the 

Boston 


4 


I 


I 


Copper  FTurbor  Company,  The  Hoston  Company,  The 
Copp(;r  FalU  Comp.iny,  The  Hoheniian  Company,  The 
New  Yorl;  and  Lake  Superior  Company,  The  Islo 
Royal  Company,  and  the  Superior  Company. 

The  best  history  of  the  eonipanics  for  1845  and  up  to 
this  time,  is  furnished  by  ihe  ann<;.\ed  list  of  mining 
companies,  for  it  is  impossible  to  colleet  reliabN*  details. 
Thousands  visiied  tiie  eountry,  and  companies  were 
daily  organiz-d,  and  the  results  of  the  ''grand  rush"  arc 
yet  to  1)0  realized.  It  is  hoped  that  they  may  all  ulti- 
mately be  successful,  but  it  feared  that  the  visionary 
hop(^s  of  some  will  meet  with  a  gloomy  disappointment. 

The  map  of  the  Minc'ral  Region,  which  accomi)anies, 
is  tlu;  most  correct,  and  the  fidlest  that  has  vet  been 
published,  giving  the  locations  made  up  to  July  17,  1840. 
The  loetitions  are  laid  down  according  to  the  corrected 
Agoncv  map,  and  can  be  relied  on.  As  tar  as  it  relates 
to  the  township  and  section  lines,  the  topograi)hy  and 
geology,  it  is  [)i'oj(;cted  from  the  held  notes  of  the  latest 
United  States  survevs,  and  is  correct. 

Since  the  first  issue  of  leases  of  tracts  in  this  district, 
leases  of  all  the  tracts  applied  for  on  Isle  Royal  were 
refused.  This  was  occasioned  by  a  doubt  as  to  the 
right  of  granting  them,  the  permits  being  considered  to 
limit  the  explorations  for  mining  purposes,  to  the;  "south 
shore  of  Lake  Superior."  And,  by  the  w;iy,  in  the 
report  of  the  committee  on  Public  Lands,  May  4,  184G, 
I  find  the  following: 

**The  committee  have  diligently  examined  for  the 
autliority  given  by  acts  of  Congress,  for  the  expendi- 
tures of  such  large  sums  of  money  paid  to  agents,  and 
for  the  power  to  grant  leases  on  the  copper  lands,  and 


>v 


28 


ailNEIlAL    REGION 


n 


Iiavc  been  unsuccessful  in  lh;:ir  search,  unless  it  may 
be  derived  from  the  act  oi"  1807,  entitled  'An  act  to  pre- 
vent settlements  being  made  on  Umds  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  until  authorized  l)y  Inw;'  which  provides,  Mhat  in 
all  cases  where  the  tract  of  land  apphed  for  incii.ides 
either  a  lead  mine  or  sa/l  spr.'ng,  no  i)ermissioii  to  work 
the  same  shall  be  granted  wilhout  the  approbalio!i  ui  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  w  ho  is  hereby  authorized 
to  cause  such  mines  or  springs  to  he  leased  fc»r  a  term 
not  exceeding  three  years,  and  on  such  conditions  as  he 
shall  think  proper.' 

It  will  be  remarked,  that  this  act  extends  only  to 
*7ead  mines  and  salt  sjh''in<;;s,'  and  by  it  no  express  au- 
thority is  given  1o  lease  the  copper  or  other  mineral 
lands,  nor  is  there  any  authority  found  by  ihe  committee 
for  the  appointment  or  salaries  of  the  numerous  train  of 
agents,  surveyors,  &c.,  wiiich  have  been  employed  since 
1843  in  that  service.  Perhaps  it  was  thought  inferable, 
as  in  the  permits  for  those  explorations,  and  in  the 
leases  granted,  it  is  expressed  '/cr  /cad  or  other  ores;^ 
and  as  the  President  was  authorized  to  lease  the  had 
lands  and  salt  springs,  the  authority  to  appoint  ag-nts 
to  carry  out  the  object  was  also  inferred.  The  commit- 
tee felt  themselves  constrained  to  object  to  this  pro- 
ceeding, as  one  dangerous  and  unprecedented,  by  wdiich 
numerous  offices  have  been  created,  and  large  sums  of 
money  drawn  from  the  treasury,  without  any  authority 
of  law,  as  they  believe.''     Also, 

'»Thc  committee  from  respect  to  the  action  oi"  one  of 
the  departments  of  government,  will  not  venture  to 
recommend  an  annulment  of  the  leases  which  have  been 
granted,  although  they  believe  them  to  have  been  made 


^ 


^■•l 


OF    LAKE    SUrERIOR. 


O 


9 


..? 


without  riny  authority  of  law.  Thoy  yet  feci  it  their 
duly  10  pr'.)vido  for  tho  security  of  the  govenunent  in 
tho  recovery  of  it-,  rents,  to  ri  quires  a  rencn-al  of  the 
leases  heretofore  execute (^  to  the  extent  of  llu;  period 
for  whieh  tliey  were  origin;diy  granted,  and  no  longer; 
and  to  Ciirth  ;r  provic]?,  tiKit  such  leases  as  shall  not  he 
renewed  witlnna  reiisonahle  time,  shnll  he  declared,  void, 
and  t'lo  President  required  to  cause  defarlting  l^'ssces  to 
be  removed,  for  which  tliero  is  ample  provision  in  the 
act  of  leOT." 

It  is  nlso  stat(vl  in  this'rcport  that  the  amount,  to  that 
date,  drawn  from  th"  treasury  to  he  ji})p!ied  in  d^-fraying 
the  expenses  of  this  Mineral  District,  wns  J?8'2,805,')l; 
while  the  receipts  for  ren!s  were  •^•192,22.  A  bill  for 
the  sale  of  these  lands,  gr;\ntlng  also  the  pre-emption 
right,  is  now  before  Congress,  and  it  is  hoped  by  all 
wdio  feel  an  interest  in  the  welfare  of  {he  Mineral  Re- 
gion, or  the  progress  of  the  setll; meets  and  development 
oftiie  resources  of  our  country,  that  it  will  he  passed 
and  become  a  l;iw. 

r>ut  to  return  to  Isle  Royale.  The  leases  of  the  tracts 
applied  for,  which  cover  the  eniire  island,  have  lately 
been  grnnted,  and  several  companies  have  proceeded 
there  with  a  view  of  comnHUicing  immediate  operations. 
Isle  Royale  is  w(dl  situated  both  for  mining  and  commer- 
cial purj)Oses,  liaving  some  of  the  fmest  natui'al  harbors 
in  the  world,  within  a  very  few  miles  of  some  one  of 
which,  the  mines  will  he  situated. 

It  is  a  favorite  theory  of  some,  that  the  mineral  range 
of  liidvo  Superior  is  a  continuation  of  the  mineral  range 
of  Mexico,  and  that,  as  it  approaches  Lake  Superior,  it 
-separates  into  two  branches,  tlie  one  being  the  Kccwo» 


'ii 


0- 

i'i' 


'■*   I 


I 


30 


MINERAL    REGION 


naw  Point  range,  and  that  the  other,  to  which  Islo  Royalc 
is  referred,  passes  along  the  south-west  const  conforming 
nearly  to  its  course.  By  some,  however,  Isle  Royalc 
is  referred  to  the  Porcupine  mountain  rang.\  Exj)lorers 
of  tlie  north  and  east  shores  report  a  trap  range  in  the 
vicinity  of  Mamainsc,  which  would  corre^jjond  with  the 
direction  of  the  Kecwenaw  Point  rang..',  and  also  in  the 
vicinity  of  Isle  St.  Jgnacc,  which  would  correspond  to 
the  supposed  direction  of  the  other  rang?.  These  ex- 
plorers report  flattering  discoveries  on  the  Canadian 
shore. 

The  Provincial  rrovernment,  which  has  wrung  fromi 
the  Home  Government  the  concession  of  managing  the 
colonial  lands,  it  must  be  allowed  has  conducted  much 
more  prudently  and  judiciously  in  rcgrad  lo  their  min- 
eral lands,  than  our  own  government.  Twenty  seven 
permits  only  have  been  granted,  and  no  more  arc  to  be, 
until  returns  are  made  and  leases  issued  upon  these. 
The  p'M'mittees  arc  a.uthoriz';d  to  locate  a  tract  two  ,niles 
at  right  angles  with,  by  five  miles  following  the  course  of 
the  vein,  not  being  confined  to  t!io  north  and  south  andeast 
and  west  boundary  lines.  T(j  secure  a  lease,  he  is 
obliged  to  survey  his  tract,  and  return  a  copy  of  the 
field  notes  of  the  survey,  together  with  a  rojjoit,  describ- 
ing the  vein  or  veins  he  may  have  discovered,  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Province.  Py  thrse  regulations,  to- 
gether with  the  importance  given  to  priority  of  discov- 
ery, the  actual  explorer  is  protected  in  his  lights,  and 
there  are  none  or  few  of  those  conflicting  claims  which 
base  been  a  source  of  so  great  an;  oyance  to  our  own 
citizens.  It  has  been  staled  that  in  our  own  mineral 
district,  leases  have  been  issued  on  tracts  of  land  upon 


I 


I 


I 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


I 


i 


whicii  a  white  man  never  trod.  The  period  for  which 
the  leases  will  he  granted,  or  the  per-centum  on  the 
iiielaLs  produced,  which  will  be  demanded  by  the  Cana- 
dian (Jovcrnment,  I  have  not  yet  learned. 

Several  Mining  Companies  have  been  organized,  and 
have  sent  out  exploring  parties,  the  results  ot^  whose 
labors  aic  yet  to  be  made  public.  The  Provincial  Ge- 
ologist, Mr.  Logan,  by  order  of  government,  is  now  on 
Lake  Superior,  where  he  is  prosecuting  surveys  and 
explorations. 

The  chart  of  Lake  Superior  which  accompanies,  is 
reduced  from  the  one  executed  by  Lieut.  Henry  W. 
Bayfield,  who  was  engaged  under  the  British  govern- 
ment in  the  years  1824  and  1825,  in  making  a  survey 
of  this  lake,  and  the  most  implicit  confidence  can  be 
placed  in  its  accuracy.  For  the  vapidity  with  which 
this  survey  was  carried  on,  and  for  its  minute  accuracy, 
it  is  unequalled.  It  has  resulted  incalculibly  to  the 
benefit  of  the  marine}  on  this  lake,  as  he  meandered  and 
carefully  triangulated  the  entire  coast,  and  took  all  of 
the  necessary  soundings. 

Between  the  years  1800  and  1810,  large  schooners 
were  on  Lake  Superior,  engaged  in  the  service  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  and  American  Fur  companies.  A  schoon- 
er called  the  Recovery,  belonging  to  the  British  North 
Western  company,  was  one  those  so  employed.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  great  fears  were  entertain- 
ed for  the  safety  and  preservation  of  this  vessel,  and  it 
is  said  this  was  accomplished  by  stratigem.  In  one  of 
the  deep,  narrow  bays  on  the  north-east  end  of  Isle 
Uoyale,  which  was  then  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
British,  this  vessel  was  secreted,  after  having  her  spars 


T" 


MINERAL    REGION 

taken  out.  Hero,  entirely  covered  over  with  boughs  of 
trees  and  brush  wood,  she  is  reported  to  have  hiiu  until 
the  terminntion  of  hostilities  between  the  two  nations, 
and  was  thc-n  brought  out  from  htn-  hiding  jtluco  and 
again  put  in  commission.  Subsequently  she  was  run 
down  the  Ste  Mario  rnpids,  and  placed  in  Ijk^  lumber 
trade  on  Lake  Erie,  under  t'le  command  of  Capt.  Fcdlows. 
Her  owner,  I  believe,  was  Mr.  Mcrwin,  of  Cleveland, 
The  fragments  of  the  Uecov;'ry  were  for  a  long  time 
visible  near  Fort  TOrie,  opposite  Builalo. 

Another  schooner  named  tiic  MivL;  was  also  one  of 
those  on  Lake  Sui)crior  previous  to  the  war.  Tiiis  craft 
was  also  brought  down  over  the  rapids,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  general  tiade  of  Lake  Erie  for  several 
years,  under  the  command  of  Tom  ILunmond,  an  officer 
who  server]  in  Perry's  fleet.  This  vessel  after  being 
used  here  sometime,  was  finally  sunk  in  lliviere  Kouge, 
which  empties  into  Dcti'oit  river,  a  i'cw  miles  below 
Detroit,  where  her  fragments  remain.  A  third  vessel, 
which  had  been  in  the  same  service  with  the  Recovery 
and  Mink,  also  undertook  to  ])ass  down  the  rapids,  but 
in  so  doing  struck  a  I'ock  and  went  to  pieces.  Her 
name  is  not  given.  From  that  time  until  182*2,  Lake 
Superior  was  navigated  only  by  a  solitary  sail,  a  small 
craft  which  also  passed  down  the  rapids,  and  soon  be- 
came extinct  among  the  young  fleet  then  springing  into 
existence  on  the  lower  lakes,  in  1884,  the  fur  business 
revived,  and  orders  were  issued  by  the  American  F'ur 
Company,  for  the  commission  of  a  large  vessel  for  Lake 
Superior.  To  Messrs.  Ramsay  Crooks  and  O.  New- 
berry, of  Detroit,  were  given  the  management  of  the 
matter,  and  the  conmiand,  when  ready  for  service,  en- 


OF    LAKE    SUPEH10K. 


33 


trusted  to  Capt.  Clmilos  C.  Stunard.     Thn  Astor  was 
the  first  American  vessel  that  was  launrhod  upon  Lake 

Suj)erior. 

The  Astor  was  a  schooner  of  112  tons,  and  was  built 
hy  the  American  Fur  Company,  in  ih;;  summer  oi'  iH^Jf). 
Her  builder-s  name  was  G.  W.  Jones.  H(;r  iVamo 
timbers  and  planks  were  got  out  at  Charleston,  Oliio,  in 
the  fall  of  1834,  and  were  shipped  on  !)oard  the  schoon- 
er Bridi^et  from  that  place,  in  April,  1835.  and  arrived 
at  Sault  do  Ste  Marie  on  the:  1st  of  May.  The  timbers 
were  then  carried  to  the  head  of  th-  rapids,  where  the 
Astor  was  built.  Her  keel  was  laid  on  the  17th  May, 
and  the  vessel  was  ready  to  launch  about  tli<>  1st  August, 
and  she  sailed  on  hor  first  voyage  on  the  loth  August, 
on  her  upward  bound  tri[)  to  La  Pointe.  On  tiie  'iSth 
August,  Capt.  Stanard  discovered  the  ce'ebrated  rock, 
which  has  since  excited  so  much  curiosity,  and  has  been 
so  great  a  source  of  annoyance  to  the  navigators  of  Lake 
Superior.  This  rock  is  mitiut.ely  described  in  another. 
place.  Capt.  S.  did  not  go  to  it  at  that  time,  as  it  was 
near  night,  and  the  weather  thick  and  the  lake  rough. 
But  in  the  fall  of  that  season  he  went  on  it.  Whm  first 
discovered  it  appeared  to  be  a  batteau  capsized,  ;md  the 
sea  breaking  over  it,  with  a  rough  lake  and  the  weather 
so  thick  he  was  unable  to  make  out  what  it  was  until 
within  half  a  mile. 

Capt.  Chas.  C.  Stanard  sailed  the  Astor  until  the  close 
of  the  season  of  1842;  after  which  time,  his  brother, 
Capt.  Benj.  A.  Stanard  sailed  her  uiUil  she  went  ashore 
and  was  wrecked,  at  Copper  Harbor,  on  the  21st  Sep- 
tember, 1844.     No  lives  were  lost;  cargo  mostly  saved. 

At  the  timeofihe   gale,  the   Abtor   lay  ut  anchor  in 


1 

■ 

:   t 
? 

i 

i 
1 

I 


f 


34 


ii 


MINERAL    REGION 


Copper  Harbor.  When  it  came  on  to  blow  vory  iuircl, 
her  cable  hi-oko  and  sjio  wont  asliorc.  Ihv  !,u!l  i,s  still 
to  bo  seen  on  a  low  conglomerate  clitr  in  Copper  Har- 
bor, immediately  south  of  the  entrance. 

The  Ameiic;Hi  Fur  Company  had  two  small   vessela 
built,  ot^  about  20  tons  each,  ii)  the  year  1837;  one  of 
which   was   Ro   poorly   constructed    that   it   was    never 
launched.      The  other,  named  tlie  Madnlinr,  was  sailed 
byCapt.   Angus,  and  was  employed  principally  in  the 
iishing  trade— built    by  a  Frenchman.     In    18:38,  the 
same  company  built  the  schooner  Urn.  Brewster,  of  7:j 
tons.     tSho  was  launched  sometime  in  August,  and  sail- 
ed in  September,  Capt.   John   Wood,    master.     In  Sep- 
tember, 1:342,  the  American  Fur  Company,   supposing 
that  she  would  rot   before  she  could  pay  for   hsrself  on 
Lake  Superior,  the  Brewster  was  run   down  the  raj)ids, 
and  sid)scquently  put  in  service  on   Lake  Erie.     The 
tnnbers  of  the  Brewster  were  got  out  at  Euclid,   Ohio, 
and  carried  up  above  the  Sault,   where  the  vessel  was 
built.      Her  builder's  name  was  Mason.     The  fleet  now 


on   Lake   S 
Steamboat  Julia  Pal 


uperior,    is   composed    of  the    following, 


mer 


t80  to 


ns;  Proj)eller  Indepen- 


dence, 280  t 

quin.  Swallow  and  Merchant,  about  70  tons  each;  Uncle 


uns;  Schooners  Napoleon,  180  tons;  A 


l<?on- 


om,  Chippewa,   Fur  Trader,  Sisl 
'^Vhite  Fjsh,  50  ton; 


kawit,  40  tons;  and 


i 


9. 


8. 


7. 


G. 


5. 


4. 


I. 


»••       I— mMUMME 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


35 


Section  illusfrativc  of  the  order  of  super-position  of  the 
Rocks  of  the  Upper  Peninsula. 


9. 


8. 


7. 


G. 


5. 


4. 


Tertiary  Clays  and  Sands. 


Upper  Linierock  Group,  (embracing  as 
nieniliers,  tlic  DnuTiiiioiid  Island  and 
Mackinaw   Linieslones. ) 


Thickness  in 
feet. 


Lower  Limcrock  and  Shales. 


Sandy  or  Inteimediate  Limestone. 


Upper  Grey  Sandstone. 


Lower  or  Red  Sand  rock  and  Shales. 


I. 


Mixed  Confrlomerate  and  Sandrock. 


Conglomerate  rock. 


Metamorphic,  Trap  and  Primary  rocks. 


mean  700  ft. 


extreme  G,500. 


extreme  4,200. 


extreme  5,2G0. 


M' 


f.: 


Ml 
B 


36 


MINERAL    REOIOX 


I 


: 


w 


ll 


MINKUALS  AND  MINL^RAL  VFJNS. 

I  From  Dr.  Iloiigtons  Report  r/ ]81l.] 
In  considr.M-ing  this  portion  of  tlio  «ui.joet,  I  propose 
to  treat  tho  Miincrnlsoriho  dilU'rcnt  lonnalioiis  scpar- 
ately,  so  far  as  tho  snmo  c.im  Do  loiio,  and  aIt!iou<rh  tliis 
method  will  neoessarjiy  cause  some  repetilionrit  will 
enable  me  to  ^iiow,  more  perA^ctly  than  coidd  otherwise 
be  lIouq,  the  eonn-clion  I>etween  those  i.iinerals  that  may 
be  reo-ard(d  ps  ot'  practical  value,  and  the  rocks  to 
which  tiiev  beJon^. 

As  a  whole,  the  rocks  on  tho  upper  jieninsula  are 
deficient  in  numher  oi"  ndnerals,  though  some  few  iadi- 
vidual  species  occur  abundantly. 

iMINERALS   OF  THR   PRI.MARY  ROCKS. 

The  following  list  can  by  no  means  be  regarded  as 
perfect,  but  it  will  serve,  at  least,  to  co.nc-y  an  id.^a  of 
the  small  number  of  n.inerais  which  are  fouud  in  con- 
ncction  witli  tho  rocks  of  tlus  group. 

Schorl,  Mica, 

Tourmaline,  Feldspar, 

Hornblende,  m         j.^^^I 

Acfynolitp,  Quartz. 

MINERALS   OF  THE  METAMORPHIC   GROUP  OF    R0(  K.S. 

Quartz,  common,  Iron,  scaly  red  oxid  of, 

*'""''^^''  *'     ha'matite, 

"        S^'^^^y^  "     pyritous, 

^^'^^•'^i-'  Steatite, 

Serpentine,  common,  Novaculite. 

Of  the  nn-nerals  enumerated  as  occurring  in,  the  me> 
tumorphic  rocks,  the  nnlky  variety  of  quartzes  abundant, 
someUmes  composing  ahDost  entire  ranges  of  hills.  'J^he 
novaculite  is  also   abundant,    but  of  u   course    variety^ 


(4 


OF    LAKE    SUI'iaUOR. 


37 


Tin;  ro- 


This  last  Is  associated  with  llio  taloo.so  slutc^^. 
maining  minerals  appear  cither  ciisseniiiKitc<l,  or  fonning 
druses  in  the  quartz  rock,  though  sotiu  tirries  tli(^y  occur 
in  thin  beds  or  veins,  in  the  talcoso  slat(>,  which  beds 
conform  to  tho  line  or  cleavage  of  that  ruck.  Although 
the  haunatite  is  abundantly  disseminated  through  all  the 
rocks  of  the  nictamorphic  group,  it  does  jiot  appear  in 
sufiicient  (juantity,  at  any  one  point  that  has  been  ex- 
amined, to  bo  of  practical  importance. 

MINERALS  OF    THE  TRAP    ROCKS. 


(iuartz,  common, 
'*        smoky, 

milky, 

gnjasy, 

radiated, 

mamillary, 

drusy, 

amethystine, 
Chalcedony, 
Cornelian, 
Jas{)cr, 
Agate,  common, 

"       fortification, 
Augitc, 
Actynolite 
Serpentine, 

'*     pseudomorphous, 
Chlorite,  common,, 

**     earthy, 
Analcimc, 
Harmotomc, 
Uculandite, 


4i 
H 

n 
(i 

u 


Steatite,  common, 
Asbestus, 
Amianthus, 
Calcareous  spar, 
Copper,  native, 
pyritous, 
black, 

red  ox  id  of, 
azure  carbonate  of, 
green  carbonate  of, 
"      '*  ferruginous, 
Lead,  sulp buret  of, 
"      carbonate  oi". 
Iron,  pyritous, 
*'     red  ox  id  of, 
**     hydrate  of, 
*'     silicate  of,  [of, 

Manganese,  ferruginous  oxid 
Silver,  native,  (very  rare,) 
Stilbite, 
Laumonite, 
Prchnitc. 


J: 


38 


MINERAL    REGION 


Since  u  consideration  of  the  minerals  contained  in  the 
trap,  will  also  involve  a  portion  of  those  enihruced  in 
the  conglomerate,  the  mixed  rock,  and  red  sandrock  and 
shales,  I  will,  before  referring  minutely  to  those  of  the 
trap  rocks,  lay  before  you  a  list  of  those  which  occur 
most  frequently  in  the  sedimentary  rocks  last  mentioned. 
The  fact  that  veins  of  mineral  matter,  traversing  the 
trap,  arc  frequentiy  continued  across  tlie  several  sedi- 
mentary rocks,  and  that  dykes  are  of  frequent  occur- 
rence in  these  latter  rocks,  would  lead  to  the  inference 
that  there  would  be  a  considerable  degree  of  resemblance 
in  the  character  of  the  minerals  embraced  in  these  dykes 
and  veins,  in  both  the  trap  and  sedimentary  roeks,  and 
to  a  certain  extent,  this  inference  would  be  true;  but  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind,  as  has  already  been  stated, 
that  the  veins,  in  traversing  the  several  upper  rocks, 
undergo  very  great  changes  in  mineral  character. 


MINERALS    OF    THE    CONGLOMERATE,    3IIXED    ROCK    AN1> 

RED  SANDROCK. 


Calcareous  spar 

Copper,  native,-/- 

Quartz,  common, 

"         pyritous,f 

'>         milky, 

**         blue  carb.  of,t 

**         drusy. 

**         green  carb.  of,t 

Chalcer.onv,* 

«•         earthy  green  carb.  of,f 

Cornelian,* 

««         black, t 

.Jasper;* 

Zinc,  siliceous  oxid  of, 

Agate,* 

*'     carbonate  of, 

*Occasionally   occurring   among  tlie   pel^hlcs   conslituUng    tlie   mass   of  tlic- 
coiifjlomcralc. 
tChiefly  in  those  portions  of  tlie  veins  traversing  the  conglomerato. 


1 


OF    LAKK    JSUJ'ERIOR. 


'6U 


Iron,  [)yritou.s, 

*'    i>lack  o.xid  of,  (cemented  iron  sand,) 
<*    red  ox  id  ol*, 

**    hydrate  of, 

*'    silicate  of, 

AIIXERAL  VEINS  OP  THE  TRAl',  CONGLOMER ATI:,  tScC, 

In  order  lo  render  tlic  subject  of  the  mineral  veins 
traversing  the  above  rock,  so  lar  intelligible  as  may  be 
in  my  power,  1  have  already  been  particular  to  define, 
as  far  as  could  bo  done  without  maj)s  and  sections,  the 
relation  which  the  trap  rocks,  together  witli  tlie  superin- 
cumbent conglomerate,  mixed  sand  and  conglomerate 
and  red  sandrock  bear  to  each  other,  and  it  will  be  ne- 
cessary, in  considering  the  mineral  contents  of  these 
rocks  and  the  veins  traversing  ijiem,  to  keep  tiiis  rela- 
tion constantly  and  clearly  in  view. 

It  will  be  recollected,  that  the  northwesterly  range  of 
hills,  commencing  at  the  extremity  of  Keewenaw  Point, 
and  stretching  from  thence  in  a  southwesterly  direction 
into  the  interior,  were  referred  to  as  being  more  clearly 
of  trapposo  origin  than  either  of  the  other  ranges,  and 
that  the  rock  of  the  southerly  portion  of  this  range  is 
cither  compact  greenstone  or  altered  syenite,  while  that 
of  the  northerly  flank  is  almost  invariably  either  an 
amygdaloid  or  a  rock  approaching  to  toadstone. 

The  several  ranges  of  hills  to  the  south  of  that  last 
alluded  to,  are  either  well  formed,  compact  greenstones, 
altered  syenite,  or  (as  we  approach  the  primary  range,) 
imperfectly  formed  granites.  So  far  as  the  several  ran- 
ges of  hills,  lying  south  from  the  northerly  range,  are 
concerned,  they  would  appear  to  be,  as  a  whole,  deficient 


m 


^{i  I 


40 


MINKIIAL    JlLcilON 


i 


in  min.M'fils',  and  tlu;  rocks  arc  not  apparondy  travcrycd 
by  vciiis  or  dykos  of  any  moro  ivccnt  date  than  that  of 
the  up.'il't  orth(!  uorlh.'i'ly  trnp  hills. 

Veins  cl(?arly  of  a  dntv  posterior  to  the  uplift  of  that 
portion  of  the  tr;ip  rock  hi.st  nicntiened,  arc  of  frequent 
occiirrcnccN  and  these  veins  not  only  traverrio  a  portion 
of  the  trap  range,  hut  also  pass   into  the  congiotneratc, 
and  sonujtimes  completely  aeross  tiio  three  sedimentary 
rocks,  immediately  above  the  trap,  ihus   having  an  un- 
broken length  of  several  miles.     The  class  of  veins  to 
which  I  now  allude,  where  they  occur  in  a  connected  or 
continuous  portion  of  the  range,  rarely  vary  more  than 
12^  to  15°  form  a  right  angle  to  the  line  of  bearing  of 
the  sedimentary  rocks,  and  in  pursuing  this  course,  they 
necessarily  cut  across  the   dykes  of  trap    belore  alluded 
to,  as  so  frequently   appearing  between  the   strata,  and 
conforming  to  the  dip  of  the  lower  sedimentary  roc^s. 

That  the  veins  under  consideration  belong  to  a  single 
epoch,  is  inferred  from  tlu;  fact,  that  none  have  been 
noticed  with  other  veins  crossing  them,  as  also  for  the 
reason  that  none  have  ever  been  noticed  with  disloca- 
tions, Jieaves  or  disturbarjce  of  any  kind,  save  what 
may  be  referred  to  causes  connected  with  their  imme- 
diate origin. 

That  these  veins  must  be  regarded  in  the  strictest 
sense  as  true  veins,  cannot  be  doubled,  and  that  their 
origin  or  source,  over  the  extended  district  alluded  to, 
has  been  the  same,  is  inferred  from  the  perfect  identity 
of  their  mineral  contents;  for  a  description  of  one  of 
these  true  veins  may  be  said  to  be  essentially  a  des- 
cription of  the  whole,  Thus,  while  the  mineral  con- 
tcnis  of  the  different  portions  of  tlic  same  vein  change 


ff^TI-il  %  I  '"-"  -— — ' 


"^ 


OP    LAKE    BlJPERIOlt. 


41 


as  tlio  rock  trrivi^rsnd  changes,  thn  corropponding  por- 
tions of  diflt  ront  voins  almost  invariably  bear  a  striking 
and  close  resemblance  to  each  other. 

These  ^•cin;•),  as  lins  already  been  stated,  where  they 
traverse  connected  ranges  of  the  trap,  are  regular  in 
course  and  direction,  but  when  they  are  conncf.'ted  with 
a  single  uplifu'd  hnobofthat  rock,  they  are  irregular 
and  can  scarcely  be  defined,  appearing,  in  the  latter  in- 
stance, rnther  as  matter  injected  into  the  fissures  of  a 
shattered  mass  of  rock,  than  as  connected  veins. 

The  importance  of  carefully  studying  the  relation 
which  these  veins  bear  to  the  rocks  which  they  traverse, 
as  also  the  relation  which  they  bear  to  the  numerous 
trap  dykes,  together  with  the  few  cotemporaneous  veins 
noticed  in  the  trap,  is  very  much  increased  by  the  cir- 
cumstance, that  these  veins  are  more  or  less  connected 
with,  or  rather  contain,  metallic  materials,  which,  it  may 
be  fairly  inferred  will  hereafter  become  of  very  consid- 
erable practical  imj)ortance.  In  fact,  so  fur  as  we  may 
be  enabled  to  judge  from  the  examinations  already  made 
in  this  district  of  country,  it  is  confidently  believed  that 
most,  if  not  all  the  metalliferous  veins  of  the  upper  pen- 
insula belong  to  veins  of  the  epoch  of  those  under  con- 
sideration. It  is  true  that  native  metals,  more  particu- 
larly copper,  are  sometime  found,  in  plnce,  occupying 
the  joints  or  natural  septa?  of  greenstone,  but  in  these 
instances,  the  amount  of  metal  is  always  comparatively 
small,  and,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  I  have  invaria- 
bly been  able  to  establish  some  connection  between  the 
native  metal  occupying  these  joints  and  the  termination 
of  some  melalliferous  vein  that  traverses  other  i)ortion3 
of  the  rock  not  far  distant,   and  it  is  believed  that  the 


1 


f 


42 


MINERAL    REIJION 


metal  filhng  these  joints  has  invariably  resulted  from 
he  action  of  canses  precisely  analogous  to  those  which 

alluded       '''""''"'  "'""''  '"  "'°  "'''^''  '"  ^^''""''  '■  ^■-'^'^ 
The  earliest  as  well  as  all  travellers,  who  have  visited 
he   chstnc.  of  country   under  consideration,    have  not 
faded  to  make  frequent  allusion  to  the  loose   masses  of 
native  coj.per  that  have  been  occasionallv  found  scattered 
over  jt.   nor  has  any  one   failed  to   allude  to  the   large 
bowlder  or  loose  n.ass  of  that  metal  upon  the  Ontonagon 
liver      Amiost  invariably,  the  opinion  hus  been  expres- 
sed, fron,  the  frecp.ent  occurrence  of  these  masses,  timt 
e  metal  must  be  abundant  in  the  country.      But,  after 
all,  the  true  sources  from  which  these  masses  had  their 
ongin   or  the  .elation  which  they  hold  ,o  the  rocks  of 
ho  d,s  r.ct,  would  appear  never  to  have  been  unders.ood; 
a^    all.  or  nearly  all,  that  was  known  of  their  true  relJ 

tc      'th'T    t '° '^^"J-'---     '^'-   -ult  of  this   has 

heen,  that  whde  some  have  excessively  magnified  every 

hmg  connected  with  a  subject  of  which,  in  truth,  no.h- 

ng  was  known,  another  class,  equally  far  from  what  is 

ca  ly   rue,  have  regarded  these  masses  of  native  copper 

as  bowlders  transported  from  high  northern  latitudes.* 

^s  far  back  as  1831  and  18^2,  I  had  occasion  to  pass, 

memory  ,o,vc,  ,„o  .orrc^Uv.     L"o<?  m,' "1;  " '"  I' ,» 'T'S''"    1 1"  .,  if  „;; 

Illllu.i..  Iinliai,,,,  „,„|  0|,i„    '  •.,.°  ,"'"",''''■   ■"  "1»  »'    v,,n„i„  ,,„i,„s  in 

tlie  immeilialc  vkinilv    111  it,  .'',,^'"."""^">.-i>'<'"l  vf.m  „fi|,e  mnal  i,, 
.™"ero,l  over  llio  ^m^lii,^      JZ^y'ST'  "'™"i°'"  "''  <"'"""y  '-'I'l'  ' 


J 


''!? 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


43 


no  less  than  three  times,  along  the  south  coast  of  Lake 
Superior,  as  aloO  to  ascend  several  of  the  important  trib- 
uturies  of  that  lake,  and  during  these  years,  I  passed  by 
three  (iifFercnt  routes,  widely  separated  from  each  other, 
compietoly  across  to  the  Mississippi  river.  It  is  true 
that  these  journeys,  made  through  a  complete  wilderness, 
uninhabited  except  by  savages,  were  necessarily  made 
under  circumstances  that  admitted  of  only  very  general 
observations;  but  the  result  of  these  previous  examina- 
tions have  proved  of  immense  service  to  me,  in  aiding 
the  labors  of  the  past  season.  I  allude  to  these  journeys 
and  examinations  at  this  time,  in  order  to  show  you  the 
dilTjcuItics  by  which  a  full  understanding  of  the  subject 
under  consideration  is  surrounded,  for  I  became  satisfied 
at  that  time,  not  only  that  the  subject  was  not  understood 
by  the  mass  of  those  who  had  traversed  the  country,  but 
that  even  the  natives  of  the  country  had  no  knowledge 
of  the  true  sources  from  which  the  transported  masses 
of  copper  had  their  origin. 

During  the  time  of  the  examinations  alluded  to,  a  bare 
glimmer  of  light  was  thrown  upon  the  subject  by  an  ex- 
amination of  some  small  masses  of  copper,  found  occu- 
pying the  joints  of  the  greenstone;  as  also  by  the  exam- 
ination of  a  single  vein  in  the  conglomerate,  containing 
the  ores  of  copper,  which  has  since  been  found  to  be  the 
termination  of  a  vein  that  is  somewhat  obscurely  contin- 
ued from  the  trap  region.  While  these  examinations 
were  sufficient  to  enable  mo  to  draw  the  inference  that 
the  masses  of  native  copper  came  chiefly,  if  not  wholly, 
from  the  trap,  and  more  rarely  from  those  sedimentary 
rocks  resting  immediately  upon  it,  it  was  supposed  that 
this  occurrence  would  follow  the  general  law,  and  that 


I 


44 


MINERAI,    REGION 


m 


m 


s 


it,  together  with  the  other  ores  of  the  metal,  vonW  oecur 

or  1 1!   I  rr""^  sedimentary  roek..     Nothing, 

01  at  least  very  lutle,  ,vas  known  of  the  m-n  ,„(,  nt  or 

:':"h::M:\'T*-"^^%"-''''"-'^^s-tin;::::- 

^possible  to  apply  even  the  data  on  hand  to  .sueh  nnr- 
pose  as  to  relieve  the  embarrassment  ^ 

relation,  of  ,  '''^  "^-'do,  ,„  such  condition   that  the 

leiations  of    the   sevcra     narls    mio-l.t    i 

onhethiek„essoru,eJveraTmem;::ar;i::~ 
of  decrease  or  wedging  to  the  cast.  W  ,h  the  d  ,'  I 
was  enabled,    by  noting  the  d,„  „,-  ,,  ,        ""^''  ' 

coast,  to  determiL,  with  suffi  nt  c  Z  L."!:"  ""' 
poses  to  which  the   rule   was  to  b  "  '  " ''"'r 

junction  between  the  tr-,n-,nd.„.   I      "  ''""  °'^ 

rule   .vb.n       .^""P''"^  conglomerate  rocks.     This 
i"lo,  nhen  put  ,n  practice,  enabk-d  me  to  decide   wi  b 
very  considerable  degree  of  m,-..,-  ,  '  " 

•ion.  when  the  rock.,':L  e  S'^Ji, t'!  '""  "'"  ^'""t 
e-ble  thickness  of  detrital  ma  tlr- 1  !  ""'^  ''"""'''- 
I  was  enabled,  by  travertin.  ,  '"  '"''''<^''' 

^^earingof,hjn;:r::;;::~^:,';-^ 

'  °''^«'vationa  soon  showed  .rte  that  this  line  of 


^ 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


45 


r 


junction  between  the  trap  rock  and  tlio  south  edge  of  the 
conglomerate,  instead  of  pursuing  u.  course  ])arallel  to 
the  coast,  only  continued  its  parailelisni  for  a  lew  miles 
westerl\'-  from  the  extremity  of  Keewonaw  Point,  after 
which,  for  a  long  distance,  it  recedes  from  the  coast 
rapidly.  These  facts  served  to  explain  in  part,  why  the 
subject  of  the  origin  of  the  masses  of  copper  had  remained 
a  mystery,  for  the  country  tlirough  which  this  line  pas- 
ses, is  hardly  ever  passed  over,  even  by  the  Indians, 
and  {)robably  large  portions  of  it  have  never  been  passed 
over  by  the  whites:  but  in  addition  to  this,  the  obscure 
character  of  the  metalliferous  veins  is  such,  that  they 
would  scarcely  attract  the  observation  of  the  traveller 
whose  attention  was  not  called  especially  to  the  subject; 
for  many  of  tuo  richest  ores  are  so  far  from  having  the 
appearance  of  the  pure  metal,  that  they  would  be  the 
last  suspected  to  contain  it  in  any  form. 

That  the  connection  of  these  ores  with  the  containing 
rocks  was  not  understood  by  the  English  mining  compa- 
ny, whose  attention  was  turned  to  this  subject  at  an  early 
day, is  to  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  they  commenced 
their  o[)erations  at  Miners'  river,  where  the  rock  is  the 
upj)er  or  grey  sandstone,  which  has  never  been  observed 
to  contain  mineral  veins;  and,  also,  on  Ontonagon  river, 
near  the  mass  of  native  copper,  at  which  point  a  shaft 
was  commenced  and  carried  about  forty  feet  through  a 
reddish  clay,  at  which  point  the  red  sandrock  was  reach- 
ed. Now,  although  the  metalliferous  veins  sometimes 
pass  from  the  trap  across  the  red  sandstone,  those  veins 
in  the  red  sandrock  have  never  been  noticed  to  contain 
any  other  ores  than  those  of  zinc  and  iron,  unless  it  be 
at  the  immediate  point  where  the  vein  crossing  comes  in 


46 


MINERAL    REGION 


i'l! 


i 


I 


contact  with  a  dyke  of  trnp,  which  condition  does  not 
c^ist  at  the  point  alluded  to,  on  Ontonngon  river.  What 
indications  could  have  induced  these  Quixotic  trials  at 
the  points  where  they  were  commenced,  is  more  thnn  I. 
have  been  able  to  divine,  and  as  might  have  boon  anti- 
cipated, the  attempts  resulted  in  a  failure  to  find  the 
object  sought. 

Having  thus,  in  a  general  manner,  set  forth  the  ob- 
scurity by  which  the  subject  of  the  true  source  of  the 
transported  masses  of  native  copjier  has  been  surround- 
ed, together  with  some  of  the  reasons  v/hich  have  served 
to  prevent  its  being  fairly  understood,  I  will  now  pro- 
ceed to  a  general  sketch  of  the  metalliferous  vc^ins  of  the 
district,  so  far  as  the  same  liavt;  been  examined;  pre- 
mising, that  our  knowledge  of  them  is  still  deficient  in 
very  many  important  particulars,  which  cnn  orJy  bo 
supplied  by  a  careful  and  continued  exuniination  of  the 
subject,  which,  in  fact,  can  only  be  said  to  be  but  just 
commenced. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  refer  to  the  outer  or  northerly 
range  of  hills,   or  those  from  which   the  nx'talliferous 
veins  may  be  said  to  spring,  as  being  composr>d  of  trap 
rock,  and  lest  what  has  been  said  may  not  be  fairly  un- 
derstood, I  will  repeat,  that  the   more   southerly  part  of 
the  range  is  uniformly  composed  of  compact  greenstone, 
under  which   head  I   not  only  include  true   greenstone, 
but  also  those  forms  of  altered  granular  gneiss  and  gne- 
issoid  granite,  which   sometimes  are   associntc^d  with  it, 
while  the  outer  or  northerly  portion  of  the  same  ran^^e 
is  usually  composed  of  an   amygdtiloidal    form  of  trap. 
The  cells  of  the  amygdaloid  are  usually  filled  with  the 
different  varieties  of  quartz,  cornelian,  chalcedony  and 


,3 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


47 


1 


asatc,  and  sometimes,  though  more  rarely,  with  native 
copper,  or  with  caleareous  spar,  though  tliey  are  some- 
times entire'y  empty,  constituting  a  perfect  toadstonc. 

The  mcinllilerous  veins  cross  this  range  ot  trap,  usu- 
ally very  norrly  at  right  angles  to  the  prolongation  of 
the   hill. .    and   arc    frequently   continued   in  the  same 
course,    across   the   upper  or   sedimentary   rocks,   thus 
crossincr  tl>e   latter  at  an   angle   varying  but  little  irom 
their  lin<«  of  bearing.     While  the  continuity,  of  course, 
of  the  vein,  may  remain  perfect  in  its  complete  passage 
fromlh.    p-eenstone  across  the  several  members  of  the 
conQ-lon»ernte,  mixed  and  red  sandstone  rocks,  the  char- 
acter ai-d  n.ineral  contents  of  the  vein  undergoes  essential 
change,  and  not  only  does  the  vein  appear  to  be  niauen- 
ced  in  it.  numeral  contents,  but  also  in  its  width,  for,  as 
a   gener.:!    rule,  the  width   of  the  vein   increases   as  wc 
nroc(>((l   northerly,  or    from  the  greenstone.     Thus,  a 
vein  winch  may  appear  of  only  a  few  inches  in  width, 
or  as  a  l)are  line  in  the  southerly  or  greenstone  portion 
of  the  v.n  r.  increases  in  width  rapidly  as  it  approaches 
and   pnss.  s   across  the  amygdaloid,   and  at  or  near  the 
line  o'-  inn.t  on  between  the  amygdaloid  and  the  sedimen- 
tary rocks    it  will  frequently  be  found  to  have  attained 
a  th.ckn^^ss  of  several  feet,  while  in  its  passage  across 
the  sedn..emary  rocks  it  is  usually  either  still  further 
incre.  .d  in  widin,  or  becomes  so  blended  with  the  rock 
itself  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  define  its  boundaries. 

These  metalliferous  veins,  like  those  whieh  occur  un- 
der similar  circumstances  in  other  portions  ot  the  globe, 
do  not  coniinu-  uninterruptedly  of  any  given  width,  or 
^reat  distances,  nor  is  their  width  increased  regulady, 
for  theN  frequently  ramify  or  branch  off  in  strings,  that 


n 


(      1.: 


48 


MINERAL    KEUION 


I 


pursue  a  course  generally  sonicwlmt  partillol  to  the  goji- 
cral  direction  of  the  main  vein,  and  which  eventually 
again  unite  -•  '•  it.  8onjetimes  these  ramifications  or 
branches  de^:  j,  as  it  were,  for  a  consideiahle  distance, 
the  whole  vein;  but  they  at  length  unite  again,  and  ihe 
main  vein  is,  after  their  junction,  as  perfectly  developed 
as  before. 

While  traversing  the  most  compact,  southerly  portion 
of  the  greenstone,  the  veins  are  most  frequently  made 
up  of  a  very  compact  and  finely  granuloted  greJnsfone, 
sometimes  associated  with  stcalitic  minerals  and  silicate 
of  iron,    under   which   circumstances  they   usualiy  are 
destitute  of  -  ny  otiier  metallic  mineral,  but  occasionaljy, 
instead  of  the  materials  above  mentioned,  iheir  placj  is 
supplied  by  native  copper,  without  greenstone  or  matrix, 
and  n  ,ually  free  from  nearly  all  earthy  impurilies,  but 
alPiost  invariably  incrusted   with  oxid,  or  carbonate  of 
the.  metal.     Those   portions  of  the  vein   traversin"-  the 
gre(>nstone,  in  which   native  co|)per  occurs,  under  the 
circumstances    above    mentioned    are    invariably    thin, 
rarely  exceeding  three  or  four  inches  in  thickness,  and 
usually  considerably   less,   and  they  are  liable  to  very 
considerable   variation   in  width,    from  the   divergence 
caused    by  the  vein   traversing   the  joints  of  the    rock, 
where  these  joints  produce  the  same  clijiracter  of  change 
as  is  produced  by  the  ordinary  ramification  of  a  vein. 

As  these  metalliferous  veins  traverse  the  iiortherlv 
portion  of  the  range,  or  approach  the  sedimentary  rocks, 
they  undergo  a  gradual  change  in  width  as  well  as  in 
mineral  character,  and  it  has  been  noticed  that  where 
the  amygdaloid  is  most  largely  developed,  the  vein,  as 
a  general  rule,   has  not  only  a  greater  width,  but  also 


1 


^w^ 


OF    LAKE    SUPEllIOR. 


4'.< 


has  its   iiiiiierj!l  contents   more  perfectly  (lovcloi)ed;   a 
circumstance  which  might  tuirly  have  been  inferred  from 
the  fact  that  tliose  points,  where  the  amyg<!aloi(l  occurs 
mo.st  largely,  may  be  regarded  to  have  been  so  many 
centres  of  intensity  of  action,  at  the  time  of  the  original 
uplift  of  the  range,  from  which  circumstance  they  would 
remain  in  a  softened   state,  or  in   such   condition   as  to 
admit  of  ihc  more  perfect  formation  of  these  cross  veins 
for  a  longer  space  of  time  pftcr  that  condition  had  been 
passed  at  otlier  poi^^ts. 

Intheouleror   amygdaloid   portion  of  the   rock,  the 
vein  is  almost  invariably  accompanied  by  a  veinstone  of 
quartz,  involving  all  the  varieties  before  mentioned,  as* 
associated  with  the  trap  rocks,  which  quartz,  though  oc- 
casionaliy  it  occurs   massive,  of  several   feet  in  width, 
usually   appears   in   the   shape  of  a  seiies  of  irregular 
ramifying  and  branching  minor  veins,  that  may  be  said 
to  constitu  e  the  main  vein.     These  subordinate  veins  of 
quartz,  which  may  be  stated  as  the  true  v^'instone,  vary 
from  a  mere  line  to  several  inches  in  thick, .ess,  and  in 
the  a^g'-egate  they  ma>  be  said  to  constitute  from  one- 
third  ^o  one-half  the  total  thickness  of  the  vein.     In  their 
branches  and  ramifications,  they  sometimes  include  por- 
tions of  the  rock  which  they  traverse,  at  other  times  they 
embrace  imperiectly  formed  steatite,  with  silicate,  car- 
bonate and  red  oxid  of  iron,*  and  occasionally,  though 
more  rarely,  it  is  associated  with  carbonate  of  lime,  usu- 
ally assuming  the  form  of  an  opaque  rhombic  spar. 

As  the  main  vein  traverses  the  conglomerate  and 
overlaying  rocks  to,  and  including  the  red  sandstone, 
these   veius,   as  a   general   rule,   undergo   still   tarthev 

TiFhe  lutor  dosely  vescnblin;:  the  Goo.un,  of  the  Corni.l*  miner.. 


I 


50 


MINERAL    RECION 


9 
» 

i! 

II 


I  it 


lei 
i    I 

ii; 


cliangcs,  for  very  soon  after  entering  the  conglomerate, 
the  veinstone  clKinges  t>oni  its  quartzose  character,  and 
IS  made  up,  eitlier  wiiolly,  of  calcareous  matter,  mostly 
rhomb  spar,  or  of  this  mineral,  with  occasional  ramifi- 
cations of  quartz.  The  whole  usually  includin.^-,  and 
sometimes  investing  fragments  of  the  conglomerate  or 
the  pebbles  of  that  rock,  separated. 

As  the  vein  is  continued  still  farther  in  the  direction 
of  and  into  the  red  sandstone,  these  changes  are  still 
noticed,  and  eventually  the  vein  is  found  to  be  composed 
either  entirely  or  mostly  of  calcareous  spar,  and  even- 
tually so  completely  is  its  metalliferous  character  lost, 
that  It  would  not,  if  examined  singly,  be  suspected  to  be 
any  portion  of  a  metalliterous  vein. 

The  metalliferous  character  of  these  veins  is  most 
largely  developed  almost  directly  at  or  near  the  line  of 
junction  of  the  trap  and  sedimentary  rocks,  and  they 
rarely  continue,  without  considerable  change,  for  a 
greater  distance  than  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  a  mile, 
on  either  side  of  the  line,  though  a  i:Q\v  veins  were  no- 
ticed  in  which,  in  the  southerly  or  trap  extension,  the 
character  of  the  vein  continued  for  a  distance  of  over  a 
mile,  nearly  unchanged,  while  in  its  passage  through 
the  conglomerate,  for  half  that  distance,  its  character 
was  also  perfectly  preserved. 

The  mineral  character  of  the  veins  is  somewhat  vari- 
ed in  those  having  different  degrees  of  thickness,  though 
It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  lay  down  any  rule 
which  would  charac  jrize  thig  change.  The  different 
veins  vary  very  greatly  in  width,  ranging  from  a  mere 
line  to  14  or  15  feet,  the  greatest  observed  width  of  any 
single  vein. 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOK. 


fjl 


In  tho  (losci-iptions  of  the  veins  given  above,  I  only  m- 
tcn.l  lo  inchKle  those  which  are  most  perfectly  developed; 
fo,-,  in  addition  to  those,  there  also  many  which  are  un- 
perfeetlv  formed  and  short,  and  in  which  nmnyofthc 
above  characters  are  in  part  orentirely  wantn.g.  i  hose 
latter  are  usually  of  little  practical  importance,  and  thus 
lav  have  been  comparatively  little  examined. 

or  tho  metallic   minerals  occurring  in  those  portions 
of  the  Irue  veins  which  traverse  the  trap  rocUs,  togc^ther 
with  that  portion  of  the  conglomerate  immediately  rest- 
ing upon  or  against  tbe  trap,  by  far  the  most  important 
consists  of  the  several  ores  of  copper,  with   which   iron 
occurs  disscn>ina.ed  in  the  forms  before  described,  and 
occasionally,  though  more  rarely,  native  silver  has  been 
detected,  associated  in  the  same  vein.     Alter  as  minute 
an  examination  of  the  subject,  as  the  circumstances  wdl 
permit,  I  am  led  to  the  conclusion,  tliat  the  only  ores  of 
he  metallic  minerals,  occurring  in  those  portions  of  the 
veins,  which  traverse  the  rocks  last  alhtded  to,  which 
can  reasonably  be  hoped  to  be  turned  to  practical  ac- 
count, are  those  of  copper.  ,       ,.       j  . 

In  these  portions  of  the  veins,  the  metal  referred  to, 
occurs  very  frequently  in  the  form  of  native  copper,  with 
which  arc^  associated  tho  red  o.xid,  azure  carbonate,  green 
carbonate,  and  more  rarely  what  may  be  denominated 
cop,>er  black,  and  still  more  rarely,  pyritous  copper. 
None  of  these  have  been  noticed  in  a  crystaline  lorm. 

It  must  not  be  inv.gined  that  these  several  minerals 
make  up  the  whole  or  even  any  very  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  entire  length  and  breadth  of  the  vems,  in 
which  they  occur,  for  they  are  distriluled  in  bunches, 
.trtngs,  and  comparatively  narrow  sub-veins,  in  a  manncv 


^ 


f 


.")-2 


MINEUAL    REGION 


'i   i. 


til 

-\ 

J 


|ii 


precisely  analogous  to  that  in  which  tlicso  oros  arc  usu- 
ally distributed,  in  similar  rock.,  in  other  portions  of  the 
globe.     The  quartz  veinstone,  [)cforc  described,  Ikks  al- 
ways so  nmch  of  the  green  tinge  com.nunicutcd  by  the 
carbonate  ol"  copper,  ihat  it  cannot  fail   to  bo  detJctcd; 
hut  the  presence  of  disseniinat  :d  native  copper  iji  this 
veinstone,  would,  at  first,  hardly  be  susp..'ct(Hi,   and  it  i. 
not  until  a  fresh  fracture  has  been  made,  and  the  mineral 
clos-ely  CAammed,  that  the  numerous  dark   points  and 
minute  threads  ai-e  discovered  to  be  copper  in  a  native 
state.     Largo  portions  of  this  quartz   veinstone,  (when 
the  included  metal  can  scarcely  be  detected  by  the  naked 
eye,)  when  examined  with  a  glass,  are  found  to  c  itain 
very  delicate  threads  of  native  copper,  that  traverse  the 
quartz  in  every  possible  direction,  and  so  cor.pletely  is 
this  latter  mineral  bound  together,  that  it  is  fr  otured  with 
difficulty,  and  its  toughness  is  very  g.-eai  y  increased 
The  specific  gravity  of  this  veinstone  is  very  consid- 
embly  above  that  of  ordinary  quartz,  and  usually,   the 
difterence  is  so  considembk-,  even  in  those  masses  where 
the  copper  can  scarcely  be  detected  by  the  nak.,>d  eye, 
as  to  be  apparent  to  even   the  most  careless  observer. 
But  in  addition  to  this  finely  disseminated  condition  of 
the  native  copper  in  the  veinstone,  it  is  also  dissemina- 
ted  in  a  similar  manner  through  the. rocky  matter  em- 
hraced  by  the  veinstone  and  in  the  amygdaloid  and  con- 
glomerate portions  of  the  rocks,  it  sometimes  extends, 
lor  a  distance  of  from  two  to  three  feet  into  the  rocky 
matter  on  either  side  of  the  veins,  sometimes  completely 
or  m  part,  filling  the  cells  of  the  amygdaloid  rock. 

The   conditions  above   described  refer  to   the   main 
portions  of  the  veins  only,  while  there  are  other  portions 


V 

i 


t 


OF    LAKi:    SIJPKRIOII. 


53 


it)  which  the  copper  nppcars  to  ho  concentrated  in  larger 
masses,  constituting  himclios  ;ind  strings.  [in(\  in  which 
places  the  sides  or  walls  of  the  veins    are  sometimes 
wholly  made  up  of  thin   plates  of  native  copper,      -n 
these  portions  of  the  metalliferous  veins  where  the  metal 
appears,  as  it  were,  to  he  concentrated,  it  also  occurs, 
much  in  the  form  before  decribed,  except  that  the  masses 
of  melal  vary  from  the  merest  speck  to  that  of  several 
pounds  weight.     In  opening  one  of  these  veins,  at  a 
concentrated  point,  the  observer,  unless  he  had  previ- 
ously examine  d  other  portions  of  the  vein,  would  be  led 
to  erroneous  conclusions  as  to  its   richness,  a  source  of 
error  which  cannot  be  too  strongly  guarded  against;  for 
while  the  vein,  for  a  short  distance,  may  be  found  to  be 
exceedingly  rich  in  mineral,  the  mineral  in  another  por- 
tion of  the  vein  may  either  wholly  or  in  part  disappear, 
a  conditioTi  which  is  similar  to  that  observed  in  those 
veins  of  copper  that  have  been  extensively  worked  and 
found  to  be  the   most  productive,   on  the  continent  of 
Europe  and  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

The  excess  of  native  copper,  (compared  with  the  other 
ores,)  which  occurs,  in  these  portions  of  the  veins,  is  a 
peculiar  feature,  for  it  may  be  said,  in  truth,  that  o*her 
ores  arc  of  rare  occurrence.     In  those  portions  of  tho 
veins  traversing  the  trap,  and  where  other  ores  do  occur, 
it  is  usually  under  such  circumstances  as  to  favor  the 
presumption  that  their  origin  is  chiefly  from  that  which 
was  previously  in  the  native  form;  for  the  carbonate  and 
oxids,  almost  invariably  appear  cither  investing  the  na- 
tive copper,  or  intimately  associated  with  it,  though  they 
sometimes  appear  in  distinct  sub-veins.     Pyritous  cop- 
per is  so  rare,  in  connection  with  the  trappean  portions 
of  the  vc-ins,  as  scarcely  to  deserve  notice. 


t 


\' 


If/ 


I 


54 


MINERAL    UEGION 


1  i. 


=  1 


I  have  already  stat(jtl  lliat  native  silver,  occa.sioiially, 
though  very  aarcly,  occurs  in  the;  trappoan  ])orti()iis  ol' 
thcso  veins,  iiitiuuitoiy  associated  willi  ilic  coj)|km',  hut 
it  is  in  so  minute  ([uantities  as  to  render  it  |)ro))ahle  tiiat 
it  will  not  j)rove  of  any  practical  imj)ortancc.  Other 
mixed  compounds  of  this  metal  occur  so  rarely  as  scarce- 
ly to  deserve  notice. 

Leaving  the  tr.-'p  rock,  the  character  of  thcso  veins, 
as  they  traverse  the  conglomerate,  undergoes  important 
changes;  for  not  only  does  the  veinstone  become  gradu- 
ally changed,   Trom  quaitz  to  calcareous  spar,   but  the 
amount  of  native  copper  diminishes,  and  its    place  is 
ei'.ior  supplied   wholly  or  in  part  by  ores  of  zinc  and 
calcareous  spar,  or  wholly  by  this  latter  mineral.     There 
a  7,  however,  occasional  exceptions  to  this  general  rule, 
I'ox   occasionally  the  place  of  the  native  copper  in  the 
veins,  in  their  passage  through  the  conglomerate,  is  sup- 
plied by  a  variety  of  complex  compounds  of  the  same 
metal,  which  compounds  are  of  exceeding  interest;  but 
this  change  would  appear  always  to  be  intimately  con- 
nected with,  or  to  bear  some  relation  to,  the  dykes  of 
trap  which  traverse  the  conglomerate  rock.     Several  in- 
stances of  this  kind  were  noticed  upon  the  northerlv  side 
of  Keewenaw  Point,  either  directly  ujjon  or  near  to  the 
coast,   as  also  at  several   other   places   in  the   interior, 
westerly  from  Keewenaw  Point.     A  vein,   which  mav 
without  doubt  bo  referred  to  as  one  of  this  character, 
(though  in  consequence  of  intervening  bays  and  lakes 
between  it  and  the  ranges  to  the  south,   its  connection 
with  the  main   range  has  not  been  seen,)  will  serve  to 
illustrate  the  character  referred  to. 

This  vein,  which  reaches  the  immediate  coast  of  the 


■"H 


OF    LAKE    Sl^l'KRIOn. 


r).> 


I 


luko,  upon  [ho.  easterly  cnpo  of  tho  bny  known  to  the 
vovngcrs  as  the  (Jrandc   Murrnis  of  Keewciiaw  Point,* 
terminates,  ho  far  as  examinations  can  bo  made,  in  the 
course  conglomerate  rock.     The  coast  of  tli')  lake,   for 
many  miles  on  either  sitK^  is  mnde  u\>  of  abrupt  clills  of 
a  similar  rock,  as  usual,  being  made  up  of  coarse  rolled 
pebbles  of  trap,  chiefly  cemented  with  calcareous  matter, 
which  is  usually  associated,  more  or  less,  with  the  red 
oxyd  of  iron.     imiiu«diately  soulb  of  the  coast,  a  heavy 
dyke  of  trap  traverses  the  conglomerate,   which  dyke 
corresponds  in  position  with  tbo  line  of  bearing  and  dip 
of  the  conglomerate  rock. 

The  vein,  wliich,  at  its  termination  upon  the  immedi- 
ate coast  of  the  lake;,  has  an  extreme  width  of  about  10 
feet,  may  be  traced,  in  the  bed  of  the  lake,  in  a  direction 
north  5°  cast,  for  a  distance  of  several  rods,  after  which, 
in  consequence  of  the  depth  of  water,   it  is  completely 
lost.     This  vein,  at  the  point  where  it  appears  upon  the 
coast,  may  be  said  to  be  in  a  concentrated  state,  or  in  a 
condition  analogous  to  that  before  described,  where  the 
native  copper  occurs  in  the  condition  of  bunches  and 
strings,  though  the  condition  in  which  the  metallic  min- 
erals occur  is  essentially  dillerent  from  that  in  the  trap; 
for,  instead  of  native  copper,  we  have  several  mixed 
forms  of  the  green  and  blue  carbonates  of  copper  and 
copper  black,  more  or  less  intimately  associatc^d  with 
calcareous  spar,  and  in  the  adjoining  rock,  and  in  small 
ramifying  veins,  occasional  small  specks  and  masses  of 
native  copper,  weighing  from  1  to  three  ounces,  occur, 
but  those  are  by  no  means  abundant.     No  quartz  occurs 

*  Copper  Harbor- 


i  ^V 


I 


\<' 


)6 


MINERAL    REGION 


as  a  veinstone,  and  none  of  the  ores  have  been  noticed 
in  a  crystalino  form. 

It  has  already  been  stated,  that  ther^e  true  veins,  in 
traversing  the  conglomerate,  frequently  almost  lose  their 
character,  and  it  becomes  difficult  to  define  their  absolute 
width,  or  in  other  words,  it  would  appear  as  if,  at  the 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  veins,  the  conglomerate  had 
not  been  perfectly  cemented,  the  result  of  which  would 
be,  that  the  mineral  matter,  which,  under  other  circum- 
stances, would  constitute  a  perfect  vein,  would  frequently 
appear  in  only  an  imperfect  one,  or  the  mineral  which 
would  under  other  circumstances,  make  up  the  vein  itself, 
may  have  been  injected  laterally  through  the  interstices 
of  the  rolled  masses  constituting  the  conglomerate,  in 
which  case  the  mineral  would,  in  fact,  take  the  place  of 
the  ordinary  cement,  thus  simply  investing  the  pebbles 
of  the  conglomerate.     Now,  although  at  the  point  under 
consideration,  a  wide  and  remarkable    distinct  vein  is 
developed,  the  rock,  for  many  feet  on  either  side,   has 
the  interstices  between  the  pebbles  filled  wholly,  or  in 
part,  with  various  mixed  and  irregular  forms  of  the  ores, 
accompanied  by  calcareous  matter,  as  before  stated,  and 
with   occasional    specks    and   small   masses  of  native 

copper. 

Those  veins  traversing  the  conglomerate  take  on  a 
similar  cliaracter,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  rather 
frequently,  but  the  place  of  the  copper  is  more  usually 
supplied  by  the  siliceous  oxyd,  and  more  rarely  by  the 
carbonate  of  zinc,  which  compounds,  sometimes  may  bo 
seen  forming  a  perfect  or  partial  cement  to  the  rock, 
for  considerable  distances  on  either  side  of  the  vein. 
These  ores  of  zinc,  like  those  of  copper,  are  uniformly 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


5T 


P.morpbous,  and  almost  invariably  more  or  less  associ- 
ated with  some  Ibnu  of  carbonate  of  lime,  with  which 
they  may,  under  some  circumstances,  unless  closely 
examined,  be  confounded. 

Although  these  copper  and  zinc  ores  occasionally  ap- 
pear in  considv-rablc  quantities,  in  those  portions  of  the 
veins  traversing  the  conglomerate,  they  usually  embrace 
or  simply  incrust  portions  of  the  rocky  matter;  or  rather 
the  rocky  mattcu-  and  those  ores  appear  to  be  coarsely 
and  mechanically  mixed.  These  veins  furnish  beautiful 
cabinet  specimens  of  the  blue  and  green  carbonates  of 
copper,  and  more  rarely  of  pyritous  copper,  together 
with  the  other  varieties  mentioned. 

Having  already  devoted  a  larger  space  to  the  consid- 
eration of  those  veins  than  had  been  intended,  I  will  sim- 
ply add,  that  in  pursuing  their  course  northerly,  across 
the  mixed   rock   and  the   red  sandrock,   their    mineral 
character  is   nearly  or  quite   lost,  the   veins  as  before 
stated,  being  made  up  either  entirely  of  calcareous  spar, 
or  of  that  material  containing  very  meagre  ores  of  zinc. 
The  district  of  country  to  which  these  veins  have  been 
referred,  tb.us  Air,  only  comprises  the  ranges  of  hills 
south  of  Lake  Superior,  but  veins  of  a  very  similar  char- 
acter, and  of  similar  contents,  also  occur  upon  Isle  Roy- 
ale.     The  order  and  changes  in  the  character  of  the 
veins  upon  Isle  Royale  is  necessarily  reversed,  or  in 
other  words,  the  southerly  point  of  the  vein  corresponds 
to  that  of  the  north  point  in  the  district  south  ot  Lake 
Superior.     The  mineral  veins  of  Isle  Royale  have  not 
been  examined  with  sufficient  care  to  enable  me  to  de- 
termine  with   much  certainty,  their  average  width  or 
value.     Those  examined  were  mostly  narrow,  the  widest 

4 


I 


58 


MINERAL    REGION 


I 


not  exceeding  eighteen  inches;  but  in  these  the  mineral 
contents  arc  essentially  the  same  as  m  those  upon  the 

south  side  of  the  lake. 

Native  copper,  in  very  thin  plates,  was  occasiormlly 
noticed,  occupying  irregularly  the  joints  of  the  compact 
greenstone  of  Isle  Royale,  but  invariably  in  compara- 
tively small  quantities.  It  shouM,  however,  be;  noticed 
of  Isle  Royale,  that  the  veins,  so  far  as  examined,  arc 
less  perfectly  developed  in  their  passage  across  the  con- 
glomerate, and  that  they  vinj  rarely  contain  any  traces 

of  zinc. 

Upon  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  no  attention  was 
given  to  the  subject  of  mineral  veins,  but,  from  the  char- 
acter of  the  geology  of  that  district,  it  may  be  inferred, 
that  they  will  also  be  found  in  portions  (jf  it,  and  that, 
where  they  do  occur,  they  will  be  uniformly  either  di- 
rectly upon  or  not  far  from  the  coast  of  the  lake. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  veins  already  described, 
irregular  veins  frerpiently  occur,  traversing  the  whole, 
or  portions  of  the  outliers  of  trap,  or  those  knobs  which 
appear  to  have  been  elevtited  singly;  and,  although  these 
veins  may,  without  doubt,  be  referred  to  the  sa.-ne  epoch 
us  the  regular  veins  before  described,  they  nevertheless 
frequently  diifer  considerably  in  mineral  contents. 

The  limits  of  the  present  report  will  not  permit  a  sep- 
arate description  of  these  several  distinct  trap  knobs, 
I  will,  therefore,  confme  my  remarks  to  that  already 
I'cfered  to,  as  occurring  upon  the  south  coast  t)f  Lake 
Superior,  immediately  northwest  from  Riviere  Du  Mort, 
and  which  forms  the  promontory  known  as  Presque  Isle. 
In  nearly  all  those  portions  of  this  knob,  where  the 
trap,  conglomerate  and  sandstone,  are  exi)osed  in  such 


, 


■'"W*. 


och 


:. 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


59 


a  manner  as  to  permit  examination,  each  of  the  rocks 
are  seen  to  be  traversed  by  innumerable  irregular  ram- 
ifying veins,  which  in  the  sandstones  arc  made  up  of 
quartzoso  and  calcareous  matter;  but  many  of  which, 
near  the  junction  of  the  igneous  and  sedimentary  rocks, 
are  metalliierous,  and  this  metalliferous  character  is 
more  fully  develoi)ed  as  the  veins  are  extended  into  the 

trap  rocks. 

The  mctnlliferous  portion  of  these  veins,  rarely  ex- 
ceed three  to  four  inches  in  width,  and  they  ramify  hi 
such  a  manner  that  the  mineral  uniformly  occupies  sit- 
uations similar  to  bunches  or  strings,  at  the  junction  of 
the  ramifications.     The  minerals  contained  in  the  metal- 
liferous portions  of  the  veins,  arc  sulphuret  and  carbon- 
ate of  lead,  earthy  gi'oen  carbonate  of  copper,   pyritous 
iron,  and  more  rarely,  pyrilous  copper.     Occasionally 
there  is  a  quartzose,  or  mixed  quartzoso  and  calcareous 
veinstone;  but  more  usually  the  several  metahic  minerals 
are  blended  in  a  base  of  rocky  matter.     The  sulphuret 
of  lead  is  distributed  either  in  the  form  of  small  cubic 
crystals,  while  the  other  metallic  minerals  are  usually 
distributed  either  in  irregular  masses,  or  investing  por- 
tions of  th'j  rocky  matter.     These  associations  are  refer- 
red to,  as  showing  the  character  which  these  irregular 
veins'  assume,   rather  than   from   any   supposed  value 
which  they  may  possess  for  practical  purposes. 

In  addition  to  the  minerals  referred  to,  the  trap  ot 
Presque  isle  occasionally  contains  asbestus,  common 
serpentine  and  imperfect  agates;  the  two  former  miner- 
als usually  occupying  the  narrow  joints  of  the  rock. 

Before  referring  to  the  economical  considerations 
connected  with  the  veins  which  have  been  described,  I 


i 


^: 


:»o 


MINERAL    KEGION 


3'  I 


i 


tvill  briefly  refer  to  another  situntion  in  -wliJcli  tlie  ores 
)f  copper  have  been  observed  in  intimate  connection 
with  the  trap  range  of  rocks. 

Tiie  soutlieriy  side,  or  greenstone  portion  of  the  trap 
range,  appears  to  have  been  elevated  in  such  a  ninnncr 
as  to  have  caused  but  little  disturbance  to  the  sandrock 
iying  between  that  and  the  range  of  simply  altered  rocks 
lying  still  farther  to  the  south;  but  near  to  the  junction 
of  the  sandrock  and  greenstone,  there  is  usually  a  red 
slate  resting  against  the  trap,  and  which  may  be  said  to 
fill  up,  in  a  measure,  the  irregularities  in  the  ranges  of 
hills.  This  slate,  which  is  sometimes  seen  of  100  to 
200  feet  in  thickness,  though  usually  it  appears  as  a 
mere  band,  is  traversed  by  irregular  and  impcriect  veins, 
of  what  may  be  denominated  a  ferruginous  steatite,  con- 
taining placentiform  masses  of  greasy  and  milkish  (piartz, 
that  sometimes  contain  more  or  less  of  the  ores  of  co|)per. 
The  earthy  carbonates  of  copper  are  also  sometimes  so 
intimately  connected  with  these  veins  of  steatitic  matter, 
as  at  first  to  be  scarcely  recognized.  More  rarely, 
distinct,  very  thin  veins  of  green  carbonate  of  copper 
occur,  well  characterized,  in  this  red  slate,  though  these 
veins  are  never  of  any  great  length.  The  rc:d  shale 
extends,  more  or  less  perfectly,  along  the  whole  length 
of  the  trap  range,  skirting  that  range  of  hills  upon  the 
south,  but  1  have  not  yet  been  enabled  to  devote  sutlicient 
time  to  its  examination  to  enable  me  to  determine  wheth- 
er any  portions  of  these  veins  can  be  regarded  as  of 
practical  importance.  The  examinations  which  have 
been  made,  would  lead  mc  to  look  unfavorably  upon 
these  veins,  and  I  regard  them  as  having  an  origin  com- 
pletely distinct  from  tliat  of  the  veins  which  traverse  the 
northerly  escarpment  of  the  trap  rock. 


I. 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


01 


Having  thus  considered  all  the  general  circumstances 
under  which  the  several  ores  of  copj)er,  zinc,  lead,  iron, 
manganese  and  silver  have  been  noticed,  in  connection 
with  the  trap  rock  and  the  sedimentary  rocks,  immedi- 
ately resting  upon  it,  it  becomes  important  to  consider 
liow  far  inferences  may  be  drawn  from  these  examina- 
tions, as  to  their  occurrence  in  such  quantities  as  to  be 
of  practical  importance.  I  have  already  stated  that  so 
far  as  regards  the  ores  of  lead,  iron,  manganese  and 
silver,  1  am.  lead  to  conclude  that  at  none  of  the  points 
examined  do  thev  occur  in  veins,  or  otherwise,  sufii- 
ciently  developed  to  warrant  favorable  conclusions  as  to 
their  existence  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  made  avail- 
able, and  from  all  that  is  now  known  of  the  country,  I 
am  led  to  infer  that  neither  of  these,  unless  it  be  iron, 
will  be  so  found.* 

The  examinations  which  have  thus  far  been  made  of 
those  portions  of  the  veins  containing  ores  of  zinc,  have 
not  been  extended  sufficiently  to  enable  me  to  determine 
with  much  satisfaction,  their  extent  as  a  whole.  At 
several  points  in  the  veins  these  ores  arc  sufficiently 
abundant  to  admit  of  being  profitably  worked,  but  1 
would  be  unwilling,  from  an  examination  of  a  few  points, 
to  attempt  to  determine  the  character  of  the  whole. 

In  considering  the  practical  v'alue  of  the  copper  ores 
of  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  where  we  arc  as  yet 
compelled  to  judge  from  our  examination,  of  what  may 
be  said  to  be  the  simply  superficial  portions  of  the  veins, 
we  can  arrive  at  no  safe  conclusions,  except  by  com- 
parisons of  the  district  witli  those  districts  similarly  sit- 


*Tlicso  reiiiiirk;;  arc  intended  to  apj)ly  directly  to  tiic  trap  region.  Beds  of 
})og  iron  ore  orcnr,  east  from  Chocolate  river,  whith  probably  m?y  at  sonio 
fptnro  (lav  bo  profitably  worked, 


f 


62 


MINERAL    REGION 


uatcd,  which  have  been  extensively  worked  in  other 
portions  of  the  globe.  Comparisons  of  this  charcter,  to 
be  really  useful,  must  necessarily  be  sufficiently  minute 
to  enable  us  to  understand  the  relations  which  the  ores 
in  the  districts  compared,  bear  to  each  other,  in  all  re- 
spects, which  circumstances  render  it  necessary  that  a 
degree  of  minute  information  should  be  at  hand,  that  is 
not  at  all  times  to  bo  obtained.  As  the  information  on 
hand,  with  respect  to  the  copper  and  tin  veins  of  Corn- 
wall, England,  is  more  minute  than  that  of  any  mineral 
district  known,  I  propose,  in  order  to  avoid  confusion, 
to  confine  my  comparison  to  this  district,  simply,  pre- 
mising that  however  closely  the  two  districts  may  re- 
semble each  other  in  character,  it  docs  not  follow,  as  an 
axiom,  that  because  the  district  with  which  we  compare 
our  own  has  been  largely  and  profitably  productive,  that 
of  Michigan  must  necessarily  be  bo  loo ;  for  it  will  be 
seen,  as  the  subject  is  pursued,  that  there  are  not  only 
several  points  in  which  it  is  imjiossible  with  our  [)resent 
knowledge  of  that  of  Michigan,  to  instiiute  comparisons, 
but  there  are  also  some  points  on  which  there  is  a  con- 
siderable degree  of  discrepancy. 

The  comparison  instituted,  in  the  main,  is  intended  to 
refer  rather  to  the  character  and  contents  of  the  mineral 
veins  of  the  two  districts  than  to  the  geology,  altbough 
some  general  reference  becomes  necessary  to  the  geolo- 
gy of  the  districts,  to  render  the  comparison  pertcct. 
The  topography  of  the  Cornish  district  bears  a  close 
resemblance  to  that  of  Michigan,  both  districts  being 
marked  by  their  irregular  and  broken  outline,  and  by 
the  occurrence  of  more  or  less  frequent,  nearly  insulat- 
ed knobs,  rising  to  a  considerable  height  above  the  ele- 
vation of  the  general  ranges. 


/ 


OK    LAKI^:    SUPERIOR. 


^y,^ 


Although  the  oklcr  rock  of  Cornwall,  or  Ihc.t  i'rom 
which  the  mr'talhlerous  veins  oi'  the  district  may  be  said 
to  havG  their  origin,  is  more  distinctly  granitic  than  that 
of  the  metnlliferDUs  region  upon  Lake  Superior,  the  ele- 
ments of  wliich  the  roclvs  are  composed,  may  be  regard- 
ed as  essentially  hearing  a  very  close  resemblance  ;  a 
resemblance  which  it  is  conceived,  would  have  been 
atill  more  perfect  had  the  granitic  rocks  of  Cornwall 
been  subjected  to  the  action  of  secondary  causes  similar 
■f  to  those  of  the  region  under  consideration.     The  rocks 

resting  uj)on  or  against  the  granitic  rocks  of  Cornwall, 
consist  of  clay  sl;Uv  s,  hornblende  rocks,  &c.,  which  bear 
little  real  analogy  to  the  rocks  resting  directly  upon  the 
trap  of  Lake  Supj'rior,  but  it  is  conceived  that  the  com- 
position of  these  upper  rocks  lias  little  bearing  upon  the 
origin  of  the  metalliferous  veins,  and  may  be  regarded 
as  in  a  measure  unimportant ;  and  however  much  these 
rocks  may  dilfcr,  tlu^  are  traversed  alike  by  tho 
metalliferous  veins  of  the  lower  rocks  in  such  a  manner, 
that  the  close  r(^semi)lance  cannot  he  mistaken. 

It  is  a  matter  o^  history  that  the  ores  of  tin  have  been 

more  or  less,  extensively  raised   in  the  mineral   district 

of  Cornwall,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  island  of 

Great  Britian,  but  the  working  of  the  veins  of  copper  at 

an  early  day,    docs  not  appear   to  have  been  carried  on 

to  any  very  considerable  extent.     The  great  importance 

to  which  tho  produce  of  copper  from  the  Cornish  vems, 

(in  a  district  which,  compared  with    the  mineral  district 

of  our   own  state,   is  of  very    small   dimensions,)  has 

arisen,   will  be  shown   from    the  accompanying    table, 

which  1  have  reduced  from  the  otBcial  returns,  included 

in  the  several  years,    and  which  table,  it  will   bo   seen, 


f^- 


64 


MINERAL    REGION 


m 

'I  !' 


shows  for  II  scries  of  years,  the  average  anuLial  amount 
of  copper  i)rocU;ced  from  the  ore,  the  average  amount  of 
which  it  sold,  together  ^\'ith  tlie  amount  per  cent  of  cop- 
per contained  in  tiie  ore,  and  the  average  vahie  of  liie 
cop])er,  per  pound,  at  the  smeUing  house.  Tliis  table, 
which  lias  been  drawn  with  great  care,  from  data  that 
can  scarcely  lead  to  incorrect  results,  will  not  only 
serve  to  show  the  large  aggregate  amount  of  metal  pro- 
duced, but  it  also  shows,  from  the  low  average  per  cent 
of  iiietal  contained  in  the  ores,  (ifwehadno  further 
knowledge  upon  the  subject,)  that  much  capital  must  bo 
required  for,  and  a  large  amount  of  labor  applied  to  the 
raising  and  smelting  of  these  ores  ;  a  circumstance 
which  should  be  carefully  borne  in  mind,  in  all  that  re- 
lates to  the  mineral  district  of  Michigan. 

I'ah/e    showing    I  he    average   annual  j^r  educe    of  thi 
Cnpj)er  mines  of  the  County  of  Cornwall,  Englarid, 
from  1771,  to  1822. 


Average  No.    of 
tons   of  ore  per 
year. 

per 
liich 

1  "S'^ 
o 

- .           '      ■     - — - 

o 

Years. 

jAv.  No.  of 
•C    jcopper  prod 
-3    iper  year. 

3 

>?3 

^P10.'J83 

Av.  per  cen 

copper  prod 
from  tjie  ore 

A  v.      value 
the    copper 
3er  lb. 

1771 

to 

J77.1-5 

yenr.s. 

•2^,719 

1 
1-^        1 

c,    ni, 
10     0 

1770 

)() 

no—-) 

(1 

•27,.)8iJ 

3,3(19  ! 

8-20,000 

lr>         j 

11    1 

17t;l 

lo 

17-^0    0 

it 

31,3->4 

4,1-22 

002,380 

1-2         ' 

10     1 

1796 

to 

mn  7 

If 

1 

51,483 

5.10.3 

l.l'2.).()i(j 

10 

18    2 

18U3 

to 

]8(.7    .) 

tfc 

7»V923 

0,1 0'J  i 

3.171.7-r) 

8 

2:> 

1H()8 

to 

l«l-2    5 

(1 

70,434 

(i.498  i 

rj,88(i,83r) 

0 

12    0 

1HI3 

to 

J817    r, 

ki 

8-2,0  lU 

7.*27-> 

'2,878,7-23 

8  8 

17    6 

1818 

to 

182-2    .5 

u 

94,391 

7,7.)7  ! 

3,ll!,^^ll 

8  2     ' 

17     9 

The  general  resemblance  in  the  mineral  contents  of 
the  copper  veins  of  Cornwall  and  those  of  Michigan,  is 
tor  the  most  part  very  great,   though  in   some  respects 


'^ 


01-'    LAKE    SUrERIOR. 


65 


I 


there  is  a  con.^idorablc  discrepancy.  It  should,  however, 
]je  remarked,  tluit  some  difliculty  exists  \n  comparing' 
the  mineral  veins  of  Cornwall,  where  severtil  of  Ihenj 
have  boon  worked  to  the  dej^hs  varyir.g  from  1,0(10  to 
1,500  teet,  with  those  of  Michigan,  v,  here  the  examina- 
tions are  nearly  superficial. 

Ill  making  these  deep   excavations,    not  only  in  the 
county  of  Cornwall,   but   also  in  the  copper  districts  of 
Bohenna,    Hungary,    Silesia,     Transylvania,    Saxony, 
&;c.,  (some  of   lac  ...nsinthe    latter    districts    having 
been  ex[)lorcd  to  a  depth  very  considerably  greater  than 
those  of  Cornwall,!  an  immense  mass  of  facts  has  been 
accumulated,    with    respect    to    the    general    formation 
and  mineral    character  of  veins,   o/   lodes    of   copper, 
whicii  facts  have  led  to  the  understanding  of  many  of 
the  contingencies    connected  witlt   its    associations,    so 
universal,  that,  when  applied  to  .his  mineral,   thoy  may 
be  regarded  as  general  laws,  that  may  faiily  be  inferred 
to  govern,  with  more  or  less  certainty,  all  those  lodes  or 
veins  whicli  have  similar  geological  relations.      Though 
a  general  consideration  of  those  relations  of  the  veins  of 
other  countries,    may,  perhaps,    be  regarded    as   some- 
what foreign  to  the  present  report,  I  deem  it  niore  advis- 
able  to  rel'er  to  these  general  laws  in  such  a   manner  as 
to  leave  the  reader  to  judge,   by  comj)arison,  the  condi- 
tion in  which  the  ores  of  JMichigan  may  be  fairly  infer- 
red to  occur,  rather  than   to  draw  conclusions  directly  ; 
and,  in  so  doing,  it  will  always  become  necessary  to  re- 
fer to  some  of  the  characters  of  mineral  veins,  or  lodes, 
in  general. 

Veins  are  usually  divided    into  two   general   orders, 
\\7; ;    "  cotemforaneous   veins,     or  those   which   were 


I 


06 


MINERAL    REGION* 


! 


■ 


^1 


HI 


formed  at  the  same  time  as  tlio  containing  rock,  and 
true  veins,  whose  formation  is  supposed  to  bo  subse- 
quent to  that  of  tlio  rocks  which  arc  contiguous  to 
them.''  A  true  vein  may  be  defined  to  be  ''  the  mineral 
contents  of  a  vertical  or  inclined  lissu-e,  nearly  straight, 
and  of  indelinito  length  and  depth.*'*  The  contents  of 
u  true  vein,  as  a  general  rule,  ditfer  widely  from  the 
character  of  the  rocks  which  it  intersects,  though  this 
does  not  invariably  hold  good,  and  the  vein  also,  as  a 
general  rule,  has  well  defined  wallf.-. 

The  contents  of  cotemporaneous  veins,  bear  a  much 
closer  resemblance  to  the  rocks  which  embrace  them, 
and  as  a  general  rule,  tlu.-y  are  shorter,  more  crooked, 
and  less  perfectly  defined  than  true  veins. 

T^10  metalliferous  veins  being  contained  under  iho 
head  of  true  veins,  it  is  to  these  that  the  whole  of  my  re- 
marks will  be  directed. 

Metallic  veins  are  the  repositories  of  most  of  the 
metals  excepting  iron,  manganese  and  chrome,  which 
occur  more  fiequently  and  abundantly  in  beds  than  in 
veins.  The  thickness  of  the  metallic  veins  varies  from 
a  few  inches  to  many  feet,  and  the  same  vein  also  varies 
in  thickness  in  ditfercnt  parts  of  its  course,  sofuetimes 
contracting  to  a  narrow  string  of  ore,  and  then  expand- 
ing again  to  a  width  of  many  feet.  The  deposits  of 
metal  in  the  veins  arc  as  irregular  as  the  widths  of  them, 
and  SD  much  so  as  to  render  the  prolits  of  mining  pro- 
verbially uncertain.  Ore  is  generally  found  to  occupy 
certain  portions  of  the  veins  only,  differing  constantly  in 
extent,  whether  the  length  or  the  depth  on  the  course  of 
the  vein  bo  considered,  or  the  portion  of  its  width  which 

*C!orne,  on  the  mineral  veins  of  Cornwall. 


OF    LAKC    sm'KUlOR. 


m 


ia  filled  up  by  it.     No  veins  occur  which  arc  regularly  im- 
pi'cgnatcd  with  metal  to  any  great  cxtciU,  and  when  ore 
is  ibutul,  it  is  in   what  th }  miners  aptly  term  bunches  ov 
shoots,  or  in  inters  .ersed  grains  and  strings,   wliich  arc 
more  or  less  connected  w  itli,  or  embraced  in,   veinstone, 
that,  according  to  the   rock  which  the  veins    intersect 
will  bo  fluor  spar,   calcareous  spar,    quartz,  &c.     The 
unproductive  parts  of  veins,  even  in  the  most  profitable 
mines,  generally    far  exceed  in  extent  the   productive 
parts,  but  that  mine  is  considered  to  be  rich  which  has 
either  {Sequent  or  extensive  shoots  of  ore,  and  the   great 
art  of  the   miner  consists    in  tracing  and    working  the 
valuable  accumulations  of  the  metals,  with  as  little  waste 
of  labor  and   expense   on    the    poorer    portions  of  the 
veins  as  possible.     *'  In  the  mines  of  Cornwall,  the  ores 
of  copper  and  tin  nommonly  occur  in  detached  masses, 
which  are  called  bunches  of  ore  ;  and  the  other  parts  of 
the  vein,  being  unproductive,  arc  called  deads.^^ 

The  depth  to  which  metallic  veins  descend  is  un- 
known,  for  we  believe  no  instance  has  occured  of  a  con- 
slderahle  vein  being  icorked  out  in  depth,  though  it  may 
sink  too  deep  to  render  the  operation  of  the  miner  pro- 
fitable, or  it  may  branch  off  in  a  number  of  strings  which 
are  too  much  intermixed  with  the  rock  to  be  worked  to 
advantage.*  Some  veins  appear  to  grow  wider,  while 
others  contract  as  they  descend. 

The  superficial  part  of  a  vein  generally  contains  the 
ore  in  a  decomposing  slate,  and  it  frequently  happens 
that  the  ores  in  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  vein 
are  different ;  thus,  "  in  Cornwall,  blende  f  r  suiphuret 


i 


*Kocnis.'. 


d8 


MINERAL    r.EGiox 


i 
W 


^ 


of  zinc  often  occupies  tho  iippprmnsf\)r\rt   of  the  vein, 
to  whicli  succeeds  tinstone,  and  at  a  greater  depth,  copper 
pyrites.'^       \VUvn  a  inetnilic  vein,  in  its  descent,  paswcs 
through  difierenti^inds  of  rock,  it  is  frequently  ohservod 
that  the  products  of  tlie  vein  vary  in  encii  bed,    and 
when  it  passes  through  regularly    stratiiic-d   heds  of  tlie 
same  rock,  there  are  particular  strata  in  which  the  vein 
is  always  found  most  productive-     This  change   in  the 
productiveness  of  mineral  veins    is  more    particularly 
noticed  at  or  near  the  transition    iVom    unstratified    to 
stratiiled  rocks  ;   thus,  granite  syenite    and  those  rocks 
which  have  a  grauiti-form  struclnre,  are  frequently  no- 
ticed  to  contain  metals  at  or   near  their  junction    with 
stratified    formations.      On    the   other    hand,   the  veins 
which  traverse   stratiiled   rocks  are,   as  a   general  law, 
more  metalliferous  near  such  junctions,    than  in  other 
portions.* 

AVhere  a  rock  is  crossed  and  penet7-ated  by  a  great 
number  of  small  veins  in  every  direction,  the  whole 
mass  is  sometimes  worked  as  an  ore,  and  is  called  by 
the  Germans  a  "stockworke."  Where  the  ore  is  dis- 
seminated in  particles  through  the  rock,  such  rocks  are 
also  worked  for  the  ore,  when  it  exists  in  suflicicnt 
quantity. 

As  a  general  rule,  those  metals  which  arc  oxidable  at 
ordinary  temperatures,  or  which  readily  combine  with 
sulphur,  rarc/y  occur  in  a  mclalllc  slate,  but  arc  usual- 
ly found  in  combination  either  with  sulphur,  oxygen  or 
acids.  The  chief  ore  of  copper  raised  from  the^  mines 
of  Cornwall,    is  the  yellow  sulphuret,   though  the  blue 


"H 


OF    LAKK    SUl'KIUOR. 


69 


and  green  carbuimtos  and  arscniato  uro  more  or  less 
distributod  ;  native;  copper  and  llio  oxids  arc  also,  though 
more  rarely  (bund. 

Hy  a  comparison  of  what  has  been  said  upon  tho 
character  and  mineral  contents  of  metallic  veins  in 
g'-neral,  I  trust  a  just  view  of  the  real  condition  in  which 
the  ores  of  copper  are  invariably  found,  will  have  been 
conveyed,  and  that,  by  the  aid  of  this,  we  will  be  ena- 
bled to  examine,  without  undue  expectations,  those 
mineral  veins  which  occur  within  the  limits  of  our  own 
state.  In  the  main  the  r;:semblance  betwecm  the  char- 
acter and  contents  of  the  copper  veins  of  Cornwall  and 
Michigan,  so  far  as  can  be  determined,  is  close  ;  the 
v(Mustones,  (with  tho  exception  of  fluor,  which  I  have 
never  observed  in  the  latter,)  arc  essentially  the  same  ; 
but  in  instituting  this  comparison,  it  should  bo  borne  in 
mind  that  tho  metallic  veins  of  Cornwall  have  been  in 
progress  of  exploration  for  centuries,  and  that  shafts 
and  galleries  have  been  carried  to  great  depths,  while 
those  of  ^Michigan,  simply  superficial  examinations  have 
as  yet  been  made,  and  these  in  a  wilderness  country, 
under  circumstances  of  tho  utmost  embarrassment,  and 
attended  with  tho  utmost  excessive  labor,  privation  and 
sulTering. 

In  respect  to  the  character  of  the  ores  which  occur 
in  the  two  districts,  there  arc  important  dillerences,  for 
while  pyritous  copper  is  the  most  important  workable 
ore,  not  only  in  the  Cornish  mines,  but  also  in  those  of 
other  portions  of  our  globe,  it  is  comparitively  of  rare 
occurrence  in  the  mineral  district  of  Upper  Michigan  ; 
for,  as  1  have  already  mentioned,  tho  mineral  of  the 
trappcan  portions  of  the  veins  in  the   latter  district,    is 


MINEllAL    REGION 

cssontially  made  up  of  strings,  specks  and  bunches  of 
native  copper,  with  which  more  or  less  of  the  oxids  and 
carbonates  arc  associated  ;  while  those  portions  of  the 
the  veins  traversing  the  conglomerate  are  characterized 
by  the  occurrence  of  the  oxids  and  carbonates,  with  oc- 
casional metallic  and  pyritous  copper,  or  the  places  of 
all  these  are  supplied  by  ores  of  zinc,  associated  with 
more  or  less  calcareous  matter.  In  the  thin  mineral 
veins  of  Presquo  Isle,  pyritous  copper  is  more  abun- 
dant, where  it  is  associated  v/ith  sulphurct  of  lead,  as 
before  mentioned. 

The  occurrence  of  this  native  copper  in  the  veins, 
and  the  manner  in  which  it  is  associated  with  tiie  vein- 
stones, hi  all  respects  corresponds  with  the  ordinary 
association  of  the  other  forms  of  ores,  in  those  veins 
that  have  beea  extensively  worked  in  other  portions  of 
the  globe  ;  but  I  confess  that  the  preponderance  of  na- 
tive to  the  other  forms  of  co{)per,  was  regarded  as  an 
unfavorable  indication,  at  least  until  this  had  been  found 
to  be  more  or  less  universal  with  respect  to  all  the  veins. 
It  should,  however,  be  remarked,  that  in  those  portions 
of  the  veins  where  the  quartz  of  the  vein  and  the  ac- 
companying rock  are  very  compact,  the  native  form  i.^ 
much  more  common  than  in  those  portions  where  the 
veinstone  and  accomi)anying  rock  are  more  or  less  cel- 
lular and  soft. 

The  worked  copper  veins  of  Cornwall,  arc  stated  by 
a  Mr.  Carne,  to  average  from  three  to  four  Cvct  m  width, 
and  to  havo  a  length  as  yet  undetermined.  But  fe\v 
have  been  traced  for   a  greater  distance  than    from  ono 


to  one  and  a  half  mil 


a  distance  of  th 


es,  and  but  one  has  been  traced  for 


' 


i 


rce  miles. 


> 


5. 

1 


OP    LAKE    SIJPEKIOK. 


i  I 


' 


The  veins  wliicli  I  have  examined  in  the  mineral  dis- 
trict of  Michigan,  exceed  the  average  of  those  last  men- 
tioned, but  the  imperfect  examinations  which  have  been 
made,  render  it  diHicult  to  determine  this  with  certaintv- 
I  have  traced  no  one  vein  for  a  further  disiancc  than 
one  mile;  and  usually  for  distances  considerably  less. 
It  was  not,  however,  supposed  that  these  veins  termina- 
ted at  the  points  where  they  were  left,  but  the  further 
examinations  \\  re  abandoned  at  these  points,  in  conse- 
quence of  physical  difliculties  connected  with  the  present 
condition  oi'  the  country. 

The  native  copper  is  frequently  free  from  all  foreign 
matter,  and  is  as  completely  malleable  as  the  most  per- 
fect refined  copper,  but  it  more  usually  contains  dissem- 
inated particles  of  earthy  minerals,  cliiefly  quartz.  I 
have  not  been  able  to  delect  the  alloy  of  any  other  metal, 
in  a  single  instance. 

The  fatigues  and  exposures  of  the  past  season,  have 
so  far  im[)aired  my  health,  that,  as  yet.  I  have  been  un- 
able to  analyze  as  carefully,  as  could  have  been  wished, 
the  several  ores  furnished  by  the  mineral  veins  of  thr^ 
upper  peninsula,  but  sufficient  has  been  done  to  shov 
satisfactorily  that  the  copper  ores  are  not  only  of  supe- 
rior quality,  but  also  their  associations  are  such  as  to 
render  them  easily  reduced.  Of  those  which  have 
been  examined,  embracing  nearly  the  whole,  (and  not 
including  the  native  copper,)  the  per  cent  of  pure  metal, 
ranges  from  9.5  to  51.  7*2,  and  the  average  may  be 
stated  at  'il  .  10  Associated  with  some  of  these  ores, 
I  have  detected  a  metal,  the  character  of  which  remains, 
as  yet,  undetermined. 

Were  the   analysis  of    the    several  ores  of  copper 


Hi 


!<■ 


'V 


I 


72 


xMINERAL    REGION 


'i 


I 


sufficiently  pcrfoctod,  1  should  deem   it  unnecessary  to 
lay  Ihem  before  you  at  lliis  time,   for  witli  what   is  now 
Ivnown  of  the  district,   it   is  conceived,   the  result  would 
load  to  erroneous  rather  than  correct  conclusions.      The 
analysis  of  sei)arato  masses  of  ore,  no  matter  how  much 
care  may  be  taken  to  select  the  poor  as  well  as  the  rich- 
er ores,  for  the  examinations,  will    he   usually  flir  from 
giving  the  average  per  cent  of  what  would  be  the  pro- 
duct when  reduced  to  practice-.     1  Jmve,    in  order  to  ar- 
rive at  safe  conclusions,  not  only  analyzed,  but  also  as- 
sayed n.any   of  them,    but  when   we  come   to  consider 
what  constitutes  the  true  value  of  a  vein  of  copper  ore, 
we  will  perceive  why  it  is   unsafe  to  judcrc  of  the  whole 
by  the  analysis  of  small  portions. 

By  reference  to  the  previous   statistical    table  of  the 
productof  the  copper  mines,  of  Cornwall,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  average   produce   of  the  ores  since  187],    has 
never  exceeded  12  per  cent  of  the  metal,  and  that,  from 
1818  to  1822,  it  was  only  8  .  2.     This  shows  the  agrre- 
gate,  and  it  was  well  hnown  that  while  irmny  of  the  pro- 
ductivc  veins  are  considerably    below  this,    the    largest 
average  per  cent  of  any  single  vein,  in  thnt  district,  it  is 
believed,  has  never  been  over  20  per  cent,  and  it  should 
be  borne  m  mind   that  this  average   i.   taken   after  the 
ores  have  been  carefully  freed   fioin  all  the    rocky  and 

other  impurities,  which  can    bo   separated    by  nreaking 
and  picking.  ° 

Tiie  value  of  a  vein  may  be  said  to  depend  upon  ihe 
abundance  of  the  ore,  and  the  ease  wiih  wbich  it  can  bo 
raise,!  and  smelted,  rather  than  upon  its  purity  or  ricli- 
ness.  L>oi.  this  point,  with  respect  to  our  own  mineral 
region,  puWic  opinion  would  perlia,,s  be  more  in  error 


OP      LAKE    SrPEIlIOIt. 


73 


than  upon  any  other,  and  most  certainly  we  could  hard- 
ly look  for  a  mineral  district  where  the  character  of  the 
ores  were  more  liable  to  disseminate  and  keep  alive  such 
errors.      The    occurrence   of  masses  of  native   metal, 
either  transported  or  in  place,  are  liable  to  excite,   with 
those  who  have  not  reflected  upon  the  subject,    expecta- 
tions which  can  never  be  realized,    for  while,    in  truth, 
the  former  show  nothing  but  their  own   bare  existence, 
the  latter  may  be,  as  is  frequently   the  case,   simply  im- 
beded  masses,  perfectly  separated   from  all  other  mine- 
rals, or  they   may  bo  associated   in  a  vein   where  every 
comparison  would  lead  to  unfavorable  conclusions,  as  to 
the  existence  of  copper,  in  any  considerable  quantities, 
I  have  frequently  noticed  very  considerable    masses  of 
native  copper,  occupying  the   joints  of  compact   green- 
stone, under  such   circumstances  as  I   conceive,    might 
readily  excite  in  many  minds,  high  expectations,   but  a 
little    reflection  would  satisfy  the  most  careless  observer 
of  the  uselessness  of  exploring  these  joints,    under  the 
expectation  or  hope  of  rimring  them   a   valuable    reposi- 
tory of  the  metal.     Again,  not  only  native,  but  also  the 
other  ores  of  copper  occur  in   veins,    either  so  narrow 
as  to  render  it  useless  to  pursue  them,   or  so  associated 
as  to  render  it  probable  that   exploration   would  not  be 
attended  with  success. 

While  I  am  fully  satisfied  that  the  mineral  district  of 
our  state  will  prove  a  source  of  eventual  and  steadily 
increasing  wealth  to  our  people,  I  cannot  fail  to  have 
before  me  the  fear  that  it  may  prove  the  ruin  of  hun- 
dreds of  adventurers,  who  will  visit  it  with  expectations 
never  to  be  realized.  The  true  resources  have  as  yet 
f^een  but  little  examined  or  developed,    and  even  under 

0 


1 


i 

it 


ff<^-l 


I 


MINKIIAL    KEGIO;S 


i 


i 


the  mo3t  favorable  circuiDstanccs,    wo   cannot  expect  io 
sec  this  done  but  by  the  most  judicious  and  economical 
expenditure  of  capital,    at  those    jmints  where  the  pros- 
pects of  success   are  most  favorable.       It  has  been  said 
of  the  Cornish  district,  in  respect  to  the  supposed  largo 
aggregate  profits,  that  ''a  fair  estimate  of  th.-  expendi- 
ture and  the  return   from  all   the  mines  that  have   been 
working  for  the  last  twenty  or   thirty  years,    if   the  no- 
cessary  documents  could  be  obtained  from  those  who  are 
interested  in    withholding  them,  would  dispel    the  delu- 
sion  which  prevails  or.  this  subject,  as  well  as  check  that 
ruinous  spirit  of  gambling  adventure   which   has  been 
productive  of  so  much  nn'sery.-*     And  if  these  remarks 
will  apply  to  a  conjparative'y  sniall  district,  which  has 
been    explored  and  extensively    wcn-ked  lor   centuries, 
with  how  much  more  force  must  they  apply  to  the   min- 
eral district  of  our  own   state.     1  would  by   no  means 
desire  to  throw  obstacles  in  the  way  of  those  who  might 
wish  to  engnge    in  the    business  of   mining  this  orc^'at 
such  time  as  our  government  may  see  fit  to  permit  it.  but 
1  would  simply  caution  those  persons  who  would  engage 
in  this  business  in  the  hope  of  accunjulating  wealth  sud- 
denly a.id  without  patient   industry  and  capital,  to   look 
closely  before  tiie  step  is  taken,  which  will  most  certain- 
ly end  in  disappointment  and  ruin. 

The  extreme  length  of  what  1  have  denonn'nated  the 
nimcral  district,  (within  the  limits  of  Michigan,)  may 
be  estnnated  at  a  fraction  over  i:35  miles,  and  it  has  a 
"idth  A-arying  from  one  to  six  miles  ;  but  it  must  not  be 
imagined  that  mineral  veins  oc<-u'  equally  through   ali 


1 


*IIawkius  oa  tlie  tin  urCoriswuil. 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


75 


portions  of  it,  for  sometimes,  for  many  miles  together, 
none  have  been  noticed,  and  the  situation  of  the  country 
is  sucii  as  to  render  it  probuble  they  never  will  be.  The 
range  and  course  of  the  mineral  district  has  been  so  far 
defined  as  to  reudor  it  unnecessary  to  say  more  upon 
this  subject  to  enable  such  ])ersons  as  may  wish  to  ex- 
amine, to  pas.',  directly  along  its  complete  lengij. 

I  hrivc  thus  far  omitted  to  allude  jjarlicularly  to  the 
large  mass  of  native  copi)er,  which  has  been  so  long 
known  to  exist  in  the  bed  of  Ontonagon  river,  lest,  per- 
ha])s,  this  isolated  mass  miglit  be  confounded  with  the 
product  of  the  veins  of  the  mineral  district.  That  this 
mass  has  once  occupied  a  pluce  in  some  of  these  veins 
is  quite  certain,  but  it  is  now  perfectly  separated  from 
its  original  connection,  and  apt)ears  simply  as  a  loose 
transported  boulder. 

The  attention  of  the  earliest  travellers  was  called  to 
this  mass  of  metallic  copper  by  the  natives  of  the  coun- 
try, and  it  has  been  repeatedly  ckscribcd  by  those  v/ho 
have  visited  it.  The  mass  now  lays  in  the  bed  of  the 
westerly  fork  of  the  Ontonagon  river,  at  a  distance 
which  may  be  estimated  at  twenty-six  miles,  by  the 
stream,  from  its  mouth.  The  rugger!  character  of  the 
country  is  such,  that  it  is  but  rarely  visited  ;  in  proof  of 
which  1  may  state,  that  upon  my  visit  to  it,  during  the 
last  year,  I  found  broken  cbissels,  where  1  had  left  thcni 
on  a  previous  visit,  nine  years  before,  and  even  a  mass 
of  the  copper,  which  at  that  time  had  been  partially  de- 
tached, but  v/hich,  for  the  want  of  sufficient  implements 
I  was  compelled  to  abandon,  was  found,  after  that  in- 
terval, in  precisely  the  same  situation  in  which  it  had 
been  left. 


I 


■  II  iiUl'iiiiJBi 


76 


MINERAL    REGION 


bI 


»l 


W 


The  copper  in  this  boulder,  is  associated  with  rocky 
matter,  which,  in  all  respects,  resembles  that  associated 
with  that  metal  in  some  portions  of  the  veins  before  de- 
scribed, the  rocky  matter  being  bound  logetlier  by  innu- 
merable strings  of  metal ;  but  a  very  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  whole  is  copper,  in  a  slate  of  ])urity.  The 
weight  of  copper  is  estimated  at  from  three  to  four 
tons.* 

While  the  mass  of  native  copper  upon  Ontonagon 
river  cannot  Aiil  to  excite  much  interest,  from  its  great 
size  and  purity,  it  niust  be  borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  a 
perfectly  isolated  mass,  having  no  connection  whatever 
wjth  any  other,  nor  docs  the  character  of  the  country 
lead  to  the  inference  that  veins  of  the  metal  occur  in 
the  immediate  vicinity,  though,  as  before  stated,  the 
mineral  district  crosses  the  country  at  a  distance  of  but 
a  lew  niilca. 

Tho  occmTcnce  of  cornelian,  chalco,Jonv,  ngato  and 
amethystmo  quartz,  in  the  amygdaloirial  portion  of  tl.c 
trap,  has  already  been  noticed,  and  these  minerals  are 
considerably  abundant.  They  frequently  possess  vorv 
great  beauty  and  perfection,  and  when  ground  and 
pohshod,  they  may  be  used  lor  all  the  i.urposos  to  which 
those  mmerals  are  usually  iipplied. 

By  the  act  admitting  M  ieliigan  as  a  state  into  the  con- 
fcderacy,  and  in  whicL  her  boundaries  are  defined,  it 
docs  not  appear  to  hav.  been  the  intention  to  include 
wuhm  her  liniits  any  portion  of  territory  lying  upon  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superi.v,  butin  consequc^e  of  the 


rabio 
and 


■^ 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


n 


i 


peculiar  shape  of  tlic  coast  at  that  point  wlicrc  the  71a- 
tlonal  houndary  line  "last  touches  Lake  Superior,"  at 
the  mouth  of  Pigeon  river,  a  direct  line  to  the  mouth  of 
Montreal  river,  if  followed  literally,  would  throw  within 
the  state  of  Michigan,  several  small  rocky  islands,  to- 
gether with  a  few  miles  of  the  south  cape  of  Pigeon 
bay,  situate  upon  the  north  coast.  This  boundary  leaves 
in  Wisconsin  the  whole  of  the  Apostles'  group  of  islands, 
near  to  the  south  coast,  while  it  includes  within  Mich- 
igan, Isle  Pvoyale,  situate  near  to  the  north  coast  of  the 
Lake. 

Isle  Royale  is  a  little  less  than  an  Island  of  rock, 
rising  abruptly  from  the  lowest  depth  of  the  Lake,  in 
irregular  hills  to  a  height  varying  from  100  to  450  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Lake,  The  island  has  the  length 
of  a  fraction  over  45  miles  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
and  a  breadth  varying  from  :3i  to  8  miles,.  The  most 
northerly  point  of  the  island  is  very  nearly  in  latitude 
48^  12'  30"  north,  the  parallel  of  longitude  89°  west 
from  Greenwich,  crosses  the  island  a  little  east  from  its 
centre.  Its  nearest  opj)roach  to  the  main  land  is  near 
its  northwesterly  end,  where  it  is  se})arated  from  a  point 
of  the  north  coast,  a  few  miles  east  from  Pigeon  river, 
by  a  distance  of  a  fraction  less  than  13  miles.  Isle 
Royale  is  separated  from  Keewenaw  point,  of  the  south 
coast,  by  a  distance  of  44  miles,  and  the  elevated  hills 
of  this  ])oint  may  be  distinctly  seen  from  Isle  Royale, 
when  the  atmosphere  is  clear. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  northwesterly  side  of  Isle 
Royale  is  a  continue  ,  elevated,  rocky  clifl,  which  will 
scarcely  admit  of  a  landing  ;  but  the  southeasterly  side, 
together  with  the  easterly  and  westerly  ends,  are  deeply 


'I 


1: 


I 


rt 


78 


MINERAL    REGION 


m 


i-"^ 


I 


nulcntod  Willi  bays,  which  form  .secure  harbors.  Tho 
northeasterly  end  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  elevated, 
rocky  spits,  with  intervening  bays.  Tl^ese  spits  of  rock 
contuiue  for  a  length  varying  from  10  to  Vl  n.iles,  with 
a  Width  scarcely  exceeding  half  a  mile,  and  altogether, 
they  may  not  inapdy  be  compared  to  the  hand  wi(h  the 
fingers  half  spread.  The  bays  JKive  a  suflicient  depth 
of  water  to  admit  vessels  of  the  largest  class  to  enter 
nearly  onc-third  the  whole  length  of  the  island. 

Much  of  Isle  Royalc  is  absolutely  destitute  of  soil,  and 
the  island  has  a  most  desolate  appearance,  ;  but  not- 
Withstandmgthis,  it  is  of  immense  value  for  its  fisheries, 
which  are  yet  scarcely  appreciated. 

Though  not  within  the  limits  of  our  state,  I  will  briefly 
refer  to  the  general  character  of  a  portion  of  the  coun- 
try  west  from  Pigeon  river,    on  the    north  coast.      'IMiat 
district  of  country  upon  the  immediate  coast,  extending 
from  our  national  boundary,   at  Pigeon  river,    to   Fond 
(iu   Lac,  is  more  decidedly    and    abruptly   mountainous 
than  any  po.  don  of  the  south  coast  of  the  lake.     The 
hills  rise  in  broad  and  somewhat  knobby  steppes  or  pla- 
teaus,   to  heights  varying  from  400  to  1,200  feet  above 
the  lake,  and  the  summits  of  these  hills  arc  usually  not 
farther  inland  than  from  ten  to  twenty  miles.     The  r.cks 
of  the  hills  are    very  frequently  bare  over  considemble 
areas,  and  the  valleys   containing  arable  soil,   arc  few 
and  very  narrow. 

The  route  of  the  fur  trade  to  the  northwest,  via  Rainy 
Lakes,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  snd  Lake  Winnipcc,  wa.< 
formerly  wholly  carried  on  by  passing  over  these  hills, 
from  a  point  ?i  few  miles  west  from  the  mouth  of  Pigeon 
Viver.     The  trail  or  portage   patli  passes   over  a.   low 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


70 


portion  of  the  rango,  and  finally  falls  upon  Pigeon  river, 
which  is  nsccnd(Ml  to  its  .source,  from  whicli,  by  a  scries 
of  portfigf's,  the  sources  v.f  the  streams  flowing  nortli- 
westerly  are  reached.  Tlie  hilly  portion  of  the  country, 
though  of  exceeding  interest  in  a  geological  point  of 
view,  is  the  most  desolate  that  can  be  conceived. 

EXTRACT  FROM  DR.  HOUGHTON'S  REPORT 

OF  1842. 

During  the  current  year,  the  geological  and  topo- 
graphical surveys  have  progressed  steadily  toward 
con^pletion,  though  in  consequence  of  the  reduction  of 
the  number  engaged  in  the  work,  which  became  neces- 
sary in  consequence  of  the  comparatively  small  amount 
of  funds  applicable  to  that  object,  the  amount  of  work 
accomplished  has  been  somewhat  less  than  that  of  tho 
preceeding  year.  The  labor  so  applied  has  been  chief- 
ly devoted  to  the  westerly  portion  of  the  upper  peninsu- 
lar, including  a  part  of  that  which  may  be  designated  as 
the  mountainous  district  of  our  state,  while  a  smaller 
proportion  of  the  labor  has  been  directed  towards  a  clos- 
ing up  and  completion  of  the  surveys  upon  the  lower,  or 
southern  peninsular. 

In  connection  v/ith  tho  duties  assigned  me  relative  to 
the  boundary  line  between  our  own  State  and  Wiscon- 
sin, I  have  been  enabled  to  complete  a  very  perfect 
Geological  section  of  nearly  180  miles  in  length,  cros- 
sing from  the  mouth  of  Montreal  river  of  Lake  Superior 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  river  of  Green  Bay,  a 
district  highly  interesting  both  in  its  geological  and 
^topographical  features.     This    section    crosses   the  up- 


80 


iVUNERAL    11E(;I0X 


I 


per  poiiinsular  somewhat  fartlior  west   than   any  ol"  tho 
sections  I  have  heretofore  made. 

In  addition  to  this  a  Jarge  amounl  of  work  has  heen  pcr- 
lormod  m  the  mountainous  region  stretching  fron,  Mon- 
treal river  to  Ontonagon  river,  and  extenrhng  southerly 
from  Lake  Superior,   a  distance  of  some  40  miJcs    in 
eluding,  wh  a  may  he  termed,    the    iveslcr/y  portion    of 
the  copper  district,  within  our  State.      This  (h'strict  ha. 
been  but  partially  cxann-ncd    tlie   proceeding   yoar,  the 
exannnation  of  tliat  year  iuuing  hcen  more  particular- 
ly directed  to  a  district  of  country  lyiijg  east  from  it. 

Several  geological   sections   have   been  completed   a- 
cross    this    intricate    region,   and    notwithstanding    the 
many  obstacles   imposed  by   the  mountainous    and  wild 
character  of  the  country,  the  surveys  of  this  district  have 
been  compk^ted  with  as  much  minuteness    as  an  adhe- 
rence to  the  original  plan  of   the  survey  would   permit 
In  addition  to  the  several  geological  sections  completed 
a  1  the  rivers  entering  Lake  Superior  between  and  in- 
cludmg  the  two  streams  mentioned,  have  been  carefully 
examined    to    their    very  sources,    and    the    Porcupine 
mountains   have  been  traced  out  through  almosc  their 
entire  range. 

These  surveys  of  the  westerly  part  of  the  upper  pen- 
insular have  added  much    valuable   information   to  that 
before  collected,  respecting  the  geology  and  topography 
ot  that  interesting  portion  of  our  State,  and  have  served 
to  add  confidence  to  our  previously  expressed  opinion  re- 
specting Its  value  for  its  minerals    and  for  agricultural 
purposes.     The  general  geological  and    mineralogical 
choracterof  this  country  was  so  fully  given  in  a  previous 
report,  that  it  is  not  conceived  to  be  nect 


■}dV' 


it  th 


is 


"■■*». 


OF    LAKE    sri'EIirOK. 


it 


JU. 


i 


time,  to  make  iuithor  alliision  to  it,  f  \copt  to  add  that 
the  copper  ores  assoeiated  with  the  altered,  conglo- 
merate, and  sandstone  rocks,  in  t/iis  portion  of  the 
range  have  been  found  to  be  more  extensive  than  was 
originally  supposed.  In  character,  tiicsc  ores  closely 
resemble  those  heretofore  described  as  existing  in  the 
Keewenaw  Point  range. 

The  sondicrhj  range  of  mountains  traversing  th(!  uj)- 
per  peninsula,  and  which  in  a  previous  report  has  been 
referred  to,  as  commencing  at  a  point  a  little  north-wcst- 
terly  from  the  mouth  of  Chocolate  river  of  L;ikc  Supe- 
rior, has  been  ibund  to  be  continued  in  a  south-westerly 
direction,  with  a  gradually  diminished  altitude  across 
the  Menominee  river  of  Urcen  Bay,  into  the  territory  of 
Wisconsin.  This  chain  of  mountains  through  a  por- 
tion of  its  course  has  a  direction  nearly  j)arallel  to  |that 
of  Green  Bay,  and  iVequently  approaches  to  within  25 
or  30  miles  of  the  coast  of  that  bay.  It  will  be  recol- 
lected that  the  northerly  portion  of  this  mountain  range 
was  described  as  being  com[)osed  of  sienitic  and  gnees- 
soid  granite,  flanked  on  the  south  by  mica,  talcosc  and 
chloritic  slates  and  quartz  rock,  the  separate  members 
of  the  group  being  IVequently  traversed  by  dykes  of 
trap,  and  with  occasional  knobby  hills  of  the  latter  rock. 
Prcsque  Isle  of  Lake  Superior,  made  up  of  trap  and  al- 
tered sandrock,  in  which  rocks  were  found  numerous 
small  ramyfying  veins  of  the  sulphurets  of  lead,  copper 
and  iron,  was  referred  to  as  a  portion  of  this  mountain 
range. 

This  southerly  chain  of  mountains,  with  its  hills  and 
dykes  of  trap,  though  the  elevation,  in  a  .south  wcsterly 
direction  is  considerably  lessened,  preserves  very  nearly 


f' 


u 


I 


82 


MINFRAL    IIROIOV 


it  '■' 
I! 


I 


similar  geological  characters  to  tiiat  portion  beforo  de- 
scribed, arifl  the  rocks,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  trap,  were 
tVeqiiently  found  to  contain  similar  minerals  to  tboso 
observed  in  tlic  vicinity  of  Lake  Supe.iior.  The  direc- 
tion of  this  range  is  sncli  as  to  leaver  no  doubt  but  the 
low  knobs  of  sycnitic  granite  in  the  vicinity  of  Piicka- 
wny  Lake  of  Fox  river,  anfl  tin,'  more  elevated  knobs  of 
tra|)  and  alte-red  rock  lying  a  short  flistance  to  the  north, 
in  Wisconsin,  belong  to  the  same  system  of  rocks,  and 
since  the  hilly  district  of  the  Wisconsin  river  would 
fall  within  this  range,  it  may  be  fairly  inferred  that  the 
disturbance  of  the  stratified  sandstones  and  limestones  of 
this  region  may  have  originated  from  the  same  causes 
which  have  produced  the  more  elevated  mountains  on 
the  south  of  Lake  Superior. 

This  subject  possesses  a  high  degree  of  interest,  from 
the  fact  that  within  the  limits  of  this  range  would  fall 
the  lead  district  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  this  in- 
ference is  rendered  the  more  probable  from  the  re- 
markable similaritv  in  the  character  of  the  contained 
minerals.  Thus  far  1  have  been  unable  to  trace  any 
portion  of  the  great  limestone  formation  of  the  upper 
peninsula,  to  any  near  proximity  to  this  range,  where 
the  same  traverses  that  part  of  Michigan,  and  thus  far 
in  tracing  the  range  westwardly  no  considerable  deposits 
of  lead  have  been  found  until  the  lower  rocks  are  cover- 
ed by  heavy  depositcs  of  limestone  ;  which  would  lead 
to  the  inference  that  these  upper  deposites  have  perform- 
ed an  important  part  in  arresting  and  fixing  the  mine- 
rals refered  to,  and  which  minerals  may  fairly  be  infer- 
red  to  have  had  their  origin  from  the  lower  rocks,  to 
^vhich  reference  has  been  made.       If  the   position  thus 


^ 


OF    LAKK    SlJPF.niOR.  CO 

assumed  bo  tcnablo,  wo  can  scarcely  look  for  lioavy  do- 
positcM  of  load  within  lluit  portion  uftho  soulhorly  nuigo 
of  mountains  traversing  llu^  npper  peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan, for  thn  reason  that  the  upper  (brmations  are  want- 
ing,  at  loiiiA  they  are  so  through  all  that  portion  of  the 
.listrict  that  has  been  minutely  examined. 


* 


u  ?■ 


Detroit,   February  It),  1816, 


I    f 


at 


t^iu 


By  contiMct  witii  tlu>  roiuiiiiisioiier  of  tlie  Cencrnl    L.uul    OfHcc,  niiiltr 

(late  ofJuiu'  -25,  It-il,  tlio  Late  Dr.  Doutir.AS  Houghton  was  ro(iiiireil  to  muhe 

')otli  a  linear  ami  ■zeol(i<j,ical  survey  of  a  section  of  country  horderin^r  on  tlie  soulli 

shore  of  T/.ike  !^n|ierinr.      Mo  w  is  enira^ed  in  this  work,  wiiicli  was  nearly  coin- 

piotod,  at  tlie  time  of  his  lamented  deatli.     As  administrators  of  his  estate,  we 

have  caused  the   field  notes  and   paiiers    connected   with  the  survey,    as  far   a.s 

completed,  to  he  carehdly  examined,  and  the  arcompanyinff  reiwrts  of  .Mr.    Wm. 

A.  Biirt,  and  Mr.  15.  Iluhbard,  to  l)e  jirnpared.     .\Ir.  Burt,  who  was  the  principal 

a.ssistant  of  Dr.  lloujihton  in  tlie    field,    rei)orts    in   full   as    to   the  jjeolo<jy   and 

topography    of    that  i)ortion  of  tlie  country  surveyed    by    liim  ;     and    Mr.    Ilnb- 

\>a\d,  Assistant  Slate  Ce()lo<:ist  of  this  State,  and  whom  we   employed   for  that 

jmriwse,   has  prepared  a    like   full  iei)o:t    upon    the   remainder   of  the  surveyed 

te'ritory,  from  the  field  notes    of  the  survey  and   the  specimens    collected.     \V*' 

lierewitli  submit  these  reports  to  you,  with  the  field  notes   and  other  jKipers,  &c. 

The  linear  survey,  as  fir  as  the  work  ha.s  proj,T|-L.s,se(l,  is  complete.     It  could  not 

have  been  expected  Miat  tli(>  information,  contained  in  the  rejtorls,  in  relation  to 

the  geolo;ry  of  the  country,  would  be  as   coniiilete    and    accurate    in  detail,    as    it 

v,-ould  have  been,  could  they  have  been  prejiared  by  Dr.  IIou<,diton   himself,  who 

Imd,  for  many  years,  been  zealously  engaged  in  the  investigation  and  study  of  the 

peculiar  formations  of  this  region.     Ei;ough,  however,  will  ai)pear,  to  enable  th(> 

(;overnmeiit  to  ai)iireciatc-,  both  the  advantages,    and    the    |)erfect    feasibility,  <>[' 

the  plan  of  connecting  gc<  logical    v.-ith    the    linear   survey.s  of  the   government 

lands,  as  originally  proposed  and  zealously  advocated  liy  Dr.  Houghton. 

Respectfully,  yours, 

[SIGNED.]  HENRY   N.   \\'ALKER. 

SAM'E.  T.  DOUGLASS. 
To  lldv.  Ltrirs  Lyon, 

Surveyor    Goncral,    &c. 


i 


.1* 


w 


W 


t 


\ 


TOPOGRAPHY  AND  GEOLOGi 


OF  THE 


SURVEY 


OF    A 


DISTRICT  OF  TOWNSHIP  LINES, 

SOUTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR, 


18  4  5. 


*y  "s-^^x^  -s^"^.,^  -■ 


This  surv(3v  embraces  Keewenaw   Point,  and  a  nar- 
row  tract  of  land  bordering  the   south  coast  of  Lake 
Superior,  from  the  south  boundary  of  township  48  north, 
ranges  25  and  2G    west,    near    Chocolate  river,    to   the 
mouth  of  Carp  river  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  Porcu- 
pine mountains  in  township  51    north,    range  44   west. 
fSee  the  accompanying  map,  to  which  reference  will  be 
frequently  made,  in  the  course  of  these  remarks.)     Up- 
on this  map  arc  delineated  the  boundaries  of  the  survey, 
together    witli  the  principal  streams   and    small  lakes. 
The  straight  lines  are  the  boundaries  of  townships  with 
their  numbers  and  ranges,  and  the  irregular  and    dotted 
lines   represent   the  boundaries   of  tlie    different    rock 
formations,  with  their  characteristic  names,    on  the  side 
which  they  occupy. 

The  topography  of  this  district  may  be  divided  into 
two  parts,  the  hilly  or  mountainous,  and  iiie  undulating 
or  roiing  lands. 


60 


MINERAL    REGION 


•I 


if 


Of  tho  hillv  or  mountainous  land,  three  tracts  of  con- 
sidcrablc  areas,  arc  found  widely  separated  by  undula- 
ting or  rolling  land. 

That  part  of  the  district  between  Huron  Bay  and  the 
south  boundary  of  township  48  north,  ranges  25  and  20 
west,  and  denominated  primary  range  on  the  map,  is 
made  uj)  principally  of  numerous  rocky  knobs  and  irre- 
gular hills,  witli  intervening  valleys  of  arable  lands  : 
most  of  these  valleys  have  small  streams  meandering 
through  them,  with  rapid  or  quick  currents  of  pure  Waa- 
ler. Between  some  of  these  knobs  and  hills,  however, 
cedar,  tamarack,  or  s{)ruce  swamps  are  found,  and  less 
frequently  small  lakes. 

The  highest  elevations  on  this  range,  probably  attain 
an  altitude  of  800  or  000  feet  above  the  water  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  present  to  the  spectator  a  very  rugged  and 
broken  appearance,  and  frequently  along  the  southeas- 
terly slope  of  these  knobs  and  hills,  which  is  i-enerallv 
the  most  precipitous,  high  clills  or  sloping  Icnlges  are 
seen  ;  but  along  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey,  the 
hills  arc  more  regular  in  outline  and  have  a  westerly 
direction 

The  land  upon  this  })art  of  the  district  not  occupied 
by  the  primary  range,  is  undulating  and  rolling  except 
where  furrowed  with  deep  ravines  or  intr-ri'uptod  by 
the  valleys  of  streams,  'I'hese  lands  lie  between  the 
primary  range  and  tho  Lake  coast,  and  are  in  many 
places  considerably  elevated,  forming  bluffs  on  tho  Lake 
coast,  from  20  to  80  feet  in  height. 

SOIL    AM)    TI-MIJER. 

The  soil  on  tliis  part  of  the  survey  is  generally  a 
«andy  loam,  but  in  some  i)Iaccs  it  is    decidediv  a  sandv 


i 


01''    LAKE    SUrERIOR. 


9 


soil,  and  sustains  a  heavy  growtli  of  limber,  of  sugar 
maple,  homloek,  birch,  pine,  cedar,  lir,  lynn  elm,  asli, 
spruce,  tamarack  iSlc. 

STREAMS    AND    HAlUJOnR. 

The  largest  streams  (rivers  lliey  are  called  here,)  oi; 
this  part  of  the  district,  are  not  above  the  size  of  ordi- 
nary mill  streams,  for  which  purjujsc  they  would  an- 
swer well,  having  generally  falls  or  rapids  within  one 
or  two  mil(;s  of  the  Lake  coast.  Some  of  these  streams 
at  their  mouths  form  convenient  harbors  for  small  boats, 
and  may  be  ascended  with  them  to  the  lirst  falls  or 
rapids,  Tor  which  purpose  the  IlurDU,  Pine,  Yellow 
Do^'-  and  Riviere  Du  Mort  or  Nekomenon  river,  are  the 

best. 

Tiio  otily  harbors  for  vessels  are  at  Presquc  Isle,  T. 
48  N.,  U.  -25  W.,  and  to  the  south  of  a  point  of  land  on 
the  east  side  of  Huron  Bay,  T.  54  xN.,  U.  31  W.  (See 
rnajK) 

TUAl'    RA.NOE  OP    KEEWENAW    POINT  ^C. 

This  second  liilly  range  commences  at    the  northeast 
end  of  Keewenaw  I'uint,  and  has  a  course  a  little  to  the 
south    uf    west,    lor    about    eighteen    nules,     wiiere    it 
gradually    bends    to    the    soutlnvard    until    its    general 
coursj  is  southwest,  to  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey. 
This  range  is  from  two  to  six    or  seven  miles  wide, 
and  about  eighty  miles  in   length  upon  this  district,  and 
from  the  east  end  of  Keewenaw  Point,  to  a  little  wcstot 
the  east  boundary  of  range  '29,  these  hills  occupy  near- 
ly its  entire  breadth.      Here   the    southeast  side  of  this 
range  recedes  from  the  Lako  coast,    and  stretching  in- 
land southwesterlv,  passes  along  the  northwest  side  of  a 
small  lake  in  township  55  north,  ranges  32  and  33  west, 


f' 


S8 


M I N  E  R  A  L    RE  G I O  N 


h^' 


m 


iVorn  tlionco  gencj'ally  in  a  southwest  diivction,  to  the 
corner  of  scictions  81  and  :>2,  on  soutli  boundary  of  T. 
51  N.,  R.  87  VV. 

The  northwest    boundary  of  this    range    loaves    thf? 
Lake  coast   in  township  r)8  nortb,    range  32  west,    and 
stretcbinga  little  inland,  crosses  Portage  Lake,  in  town- 
sbip  55  north,    range    84    west,  thence    generally  in   a 
southwest  direction,  to  n(!ar  the  corner  of  sections  83 
and  84,  on  the  south   boundary  of   townsbip   51   north, 
range  88,  west.     The  highest  elevations  upon  this  hilly 
range,   are  supposed  to   be,   from  five  to   eight  li\indred 
feet  above  Lake  Superior,    and,    ns  in  the    bills  of   the 
primary  range   already   described,    their    southeasterly 
sides  are  generally   the  most  precipitous  ;  audit  should 
bo  farther  remarked,  that  tbese   hills  are  not  destitute  of 
interest  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view.     Considerable 
tracts  of  tillable  land  are  found  upon  them,    with  a  good 
soil,  and  well  timbered  with   sugar  majde,  birch,    lynn, 
ironwood,  red  oak,  &c.,  and,   on  Keewenaw  Point,  bet- 
tor adapted  to  cultivation  tban  most  of  the  land  upon  its 
coast.      To  the  east  of  this  hilly  range,  (south   of   Por- 
tage Lake,)  to  Huron  Pay,  and  west  of  it  to  the  Porcu- 
pine mountains,  with  the  exception  of  a  ivw  niod'^M-ately 
elevated  hills,  the  country  is  undulating  or  rolling  ;  there 
arc,  however,  many  dec]-)  ravines,  and  valleys  of  streams 
on  this  ])art,  also  tracts  of  level  land.     These  lands  are 
generally  susceptible  of  cidtivation,  and,    so  far  as  they 
have  been  proved  at  the    Missions    near   the    head    of 
Keewenaw  Pay,  and  at  the  Ontonagon  and  L'cn  rivers, 
have  been  found  to  yield  abundantly,  in    produce  suita- 
ble for  culture  in  this  climate. 

Over   this  entire    tract,  exccpi   where    occu})i(Mi   by 


i 


^ 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


et' 


"swavtips  or  in  sorno  places  on  tlio  Lake  coast  west  of 
Kcowen.ivv  Point,  tho  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam, 
and  tho  most  loamy  pa  its  arc  in  the  valleys  of  the  Stur- 
geon and  On'onagon  rivers. 

Thc;so  lands  are  exlensive  and  generally  snj)port  a 
heavy  growth  of  timber  of  sugar  maple,  birch,  hemlock, 
pine,  fir,  ceflai',  lynn,  ash,  elm,  spi-uce,  >kc.  And  it 
may  be  worthy  of  nnnark,  that  scattering  pines  of  an 
excellent  quality,  may  bo  found  southeast  of  tho  hilly 
range  of  iveewenaw  Point,  and  northeast  of  Portage 
Lake  to  the  south  boundary  of  township  57  north, 
range  J30  west. 

LAKE    COAST    A\l)    HARHOllS. 

The  Lake  coast  is  generally  bold  and  rocky,  and 
I'houcrh  very  irreo-ular  in  its  course,  has  few  indenta- 
tions  of  a  character  to  form  good  harbors  for  vessels. 
The  best  and  most  convenient,  are  Coj)per,  Agate  and 
Eagle  Harbors,  siluated  on  the  north  side  of  Kcevvcnaw 
Point.  (See  map.)  Also,  a  lee  can  generally  be  made 
south  of  a  po"nt  on  the  cast  side  of  Keewenavv  Bay, 
T.  51  N.,  U.  ;i2  W.,  and  a  vessel  drawing  5A  feet  of 
water  may  enter  tho  Ontonagon  river,  T.  52  N., 
R.  40  W. 

IIIVEKS. 

Upon  this  part  of  the  district,  tliere  are  tlirce  rivers 
navigable  for  small  crafts,  for  a  considerable  distance 
nito  the  country  ;  they  arc  tho  Portage,  Sturgeon  and 
Ontonagon  rivers. 

Sturcrc;on  river  has  Its  source  to  the  south  of  the  head 
of  Keewenaw  Bav,  in  the  hilly  country,  and  runs  north- 
erly,  nearly  parallel  to  tho  west  coast  of  this  bay,  and 
enters  Porta^re  Lake  on  section  oO,  T.  54  N.,  R.  33  W. 

7 


D 


9U 


JUiNLilAL    IltGlON 


Ml 


i 


s   I 


and  iiKiy  bo  asceiicled  with  small  boiit.s  into  T.  52  N.^ 
R.  ;j:3  \V.  .section  7  ;  here  its  navigation  is  interrupted 
by  drit*t  wood  whieh  lilU  the  cliaiinel  for  about  25  or  30 
chains.  'i'his  passed,  which  may  be  done  by  a  goad 
port;\ge,  the  river  may  be  ascended  into  T.  51  N.,  R. 
34  \V  ;  but  on  account  of  a  strong  current  in  thi?i 
pari  ol"  the  stream,  setting  poles  or  the  best  oai'snu'n  arc 
necessary,  to  eiiect  an  ascent  to  this  point. 

Portage  river  is  about  lour  miles  in  length,  nnd  the 
outlet  of  Portage  Lake.  It  is  a  stream  of  considerable 
depth  and  breadth,  and  after  passing  the  l.»ar  id  its  mouth, 
may  be  ascended  with  v<.-gsc1s  drawing  eight  ieet  of  wa- 
ter int(j  Portage;  Lake,  and  thence  to  the  head  ol'  iWu-: 
Lake  near  the  south  boundary  of  T.  50  N.,  R.  31  \V . 
about  20  miles  from  the  entrance  at  the  mouih  of  Portage 
river.  From  the  head  of  Portage  Lake  light  boats  as- 
cend a  small  stream  about  one  mii>. ,  and  from  thence  b\ 
a  portage  of  another  nnle  over  nearly  level  land  ente.v 
Lake  Superior. 

Doubtless,  at  some  future  day,  these  two  miles  will  hv 
canalled,  for  the  passage  of  larger  crat'ts  through  thii* 
channel  into  Lake  Superior. 

Tlio  Ontonagon  river  is  the  largest  stream  on  th<. 
south  side  of  Lake  Superior.  'J'his  stream  is  navigable 
for  batteaux  in  an  ordinary  stage  of  water,  to  the  rapids, 
near  the  south  boundary  of  T.  51  N..  R.  39  \V . 

Near  the  mouth  of  this  river,  on  the  right  bank,  is  an 
eligible  site  lor  a  tov.n,  and  when  this  harbor  is  im- 
proved, as  it  deserves  to  be,  will  probably  become  a 
place  of  considerable  importance.  There  are  other 
small  streams  on  this  part  of  the  survey,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  arc,    La^le,    Elm,    Misery,    Sleeping, 


•<iti;;i'''«'mri^ 


•^•> 


OP    LAKE    SUi'KRIOR. 


m 


a 


Fire  Stool  ond  [mri  rivers.  TIk-so  streams  ciiimut  Ix; 
ascondcd  far,  ovon  with  caiio-s,  on  account  of  rapids 
or  drift  wood,  i)ut  most  of  llx'm  form  convenient  harborts 
for  small  boat.s  on  the  Lalvt;  coast. 

rOROUPlNK     IMOIJNTAINS. 

The  third  hilly  nuigo  eoibracos  tho  northerly  portion 
of  the  Porcni)iiio  mountains,  tho  easterly  boundary  of 
which  coiiiin.iices  on  the  coist  of  Lake  Superior,  three 
or  four  niii<'s  west  of  the  ni.iUth  of  Iron  river,  in  T.  51 
N.,  K.  4-  ^^'-  thence  runs  nearly  south  to  corner  ol 
sections  :r.i  and  :3 1,  on  soulh  boundary  of  said  township. 
Westward,  lli  so  knobby  mountains  spread  over  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  survey  to  the  coast  of  Lake  Superior, 
the  highest  elev.aioiis  of  wliich  have  an  altitude  proba- 
bly of  Dol)  feet,  and  the  easterly  hills  have  a  more  regu- 
lar outline,  than  those  of  the  westerly  part,  the  latter  in 
some  pluci  s  presenting  eliils  and  sloping  ledges  of  great 

height. 

Tliese  mountains,  and  the  vaH<\vs  between  them,  ex- 
cept near  the  L-dce  coast,  or  where  occupied  by  rocl;s, 
have  a  good  soil  of  sandy  loam,  which  supports  a  heavy 
o-rowth  of   timber  of  sugar  mai)le,  birch,  lynn,  hemlock 

lir,  elm,  *Slc. 

The  Lake  coast  hord(>ring  these  mountains  is  gener- 
ally rocky,  and  alFords  no  good  harbors  for  small  boats, 
exiept  at  Carp  river.  This  stream  runs  W.  S.  W. 
nearly  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the  Lake,  for  about  ten 
milcs^  and  at  the  distanc(.'  of  about  t\\o  miles  from  the 
coast,  it  then  hends  to  iho  northwest,  and  after  passing 
falls  and  rapids  near  its  mouth,  enters  Lake  Superior  on 
bcction  33,  township  51  north,  range  44  west. 


92 


MINP.UAL    RECION 


CKOLOCiV. 

Within  the  boundaries  of  this  survoy  thoro  arc  live 
})vincip!il  groups  ot" rocks,  which  occupy  hirgo  areas. — 
They  arc^,  i)riuiary,  trap,  conglomerate,  sandstone,  and 

slates. 

That  group  of  rocks  wiiich  may  ho  d'.MioiniiKited  pri- 
mary, and  incUuhng  the  metamorphic  rocks  on  the 
south,  arc  (bund  generally  a  little  inland,  (r.xcepting  in 
the  vicinity  of  Presquo  Isle  llarhor)  from  the  coast  of 
Lake  Superior;  and  from  the  south  boundary  of  town- 
ship  48  north,  ranges  25  and  2G  west,  into  township  51 
north,  range  82  west,  about  three  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  the 
head  of  Huron  Bay.      (See  map.) 

These  rocks  make  up  a  scries  of  knobs  and  liigb  con- 
ical hills,  forming  a  broken  range  which  has  a  course 
as  near  as  could  be  determined  W.  S.  W . 

These  elevations  are  of  various  luMgbts,  probably 
from  75  to  900  feel  above  Lake  Superior,  and,  general- 
ly, the  elevating  force  aj)pears  to  have  acted  mostly  up- 
on their  southeasterly  sides,  as  this  side  generally  pre- 
sents cliffs  and  bold  ledg<;s,  whdo  their  northwesterly 
sides  slope  away  more  gradually. 

The  mctamor|)hic  ro(d<s  alluded  to,  flank  the  primary 
rocks  on  the  south,  where  the  two  becomes  so  much 
blended  witli  each  other  as  to  make  it  diificuU  to  define 
a  line  of  junction  between  tlicm.  It  may,  however,  be 
approximately  drawn,  commencing  at  the  lower  falls  of 
Riviere  Du  Mort,  or  Nekomenon  river,  about  one  mile 
S.  S.  VV.  of  Prcsquc  Isle  Harbor,  thence  running  VV. 
N.  W.  to  corner  of  sections  31  and  32,  on  south  boun- 
dary of  T.  49  N.,  R.  25  W.  and  curvinqr  a  littkV  wester- 
ly crosses  the  cast  boundary  of  T.  40  N.,  R.  27  W. 
near  the  corner  of  section  25  and  36. 


— 


* 


J 


1 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 

Tho  principal  rocks  which  compoHcMho  luotJimorphic 
i^roup  arc  qunrtz,  compiict  and  granular,  impcrloct  la!- 
coso  slat-s,  whicli  arc  in  some  instances  tel,ghlly  argil- 
laceous, and  slaly  hornblende.  Th('f;e  rocks  arc  more 
or  less  stratified  r.nd  imperfectly  jointed,  and  dip  genor- 
erallv  N  N.  E. — In  two  instances  however  they  wore 
seen  K)  (]ip  S,  S.  W.  A  f.;w  wins  of  qunrtz  w.>n!  soon 
traversii  "•  these  i-ocks,  hut  no  one  was  ohsv  rved  to  ho 
metal iifeious.  1  have  I'owever  seen  specinuns  of 
specular  iron  ore  said  to  have  heen  obtained  in  township 
48  north,  range  '20  west. 

Wilhln  ttie  l.ouiitlaries  of  tho  metarnorphic  rocks  up- 
on tho  survey,  several  knobs  of  syenilic  j!,ranito,  and 
also  fl\kes  of  greenstone   "oio  seen. 

nilMAllY    ROCKS. 

Thai  portion  of  this  range  which  may  he  denominated 
primary  rock,  and  lying  to  the  north  of  the  metamorphic 
rocks  alre-uly  described,  is  generally  oompesed  of  gran- 
ular qM-irtz,  feldspar,  and  iiornblende,  con^titutnig  a 
comp:iet  sveiiik\  In  some  places  siiglit  traces  of  niicn 
are  o'Ds-rvable,  giving  rise  to  a  syenitic  granite. 

Th:^  -  minerals  predominate  in  different  pr(ip,ortion  in 
different  places,  and  not  uiifrequently  in  diilerent  parts 
of  the   s;;m.-;  let'ge  or  hill. 

In  som-  places  it  is  mostly  a  hornblende  rock  and  in 
oth-rs  til-  l-adingmin(>ra!s  are  feldspar  and  hornblende, 
o-iviim-  rise  to  a  svenitic  greenstone,  and  less  iVequently 
a  well  form-'rl  granite  is  found.  In  several  instances  a 
compact  gi( cnstono  was  found,  intruded  among  tliese 
rock's  in  various  foiins.  And  when  in  veins  or  dykes 
these  do  not  appear  to  have  any  particular  magnetic 
bearing. 


nm 

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At 


One  of  thcsG  veins  rnny  be  found  of  about  one  foot  in 
thickness,  tra versing  a  iedgn  of  syenite  W.  S.  W.,  at  45 
chains  and  00  links  in  going  west  on  south  side  of  sec- 
tion :^6,  south  boundary  of  T.  51  N.,  U.  '28  W. 

Throughout  this  entire  group  of  rocks,  quartz  and 
feh]sj)ar  veins  arc  ofton  found,  and,  in  many  instances, 
both  are  sihju  travtuvsing  the  same  rocks,  and  crossing 
each  other  at  various  angk.'S.  Tiiese  veins  are  from  a 
hne  to  a  foot  or  nionj  in  width,  and  wvn)  observed  to  bo 
more  frequent  and  of  a  hirger  size  in  townships  51  and 
52  north,  ranges  28  and  29  west,  than  in  any  other 
part  of  ti»e  primary  range.  Also  a  few  veins  contain- 
ing calcareous  si>ar  were  seen  near  the  junction  of  the 
primary  and  sedimentary  rocks. 

In  regard  to  the  mnalliferous  character  of  any  of  the 
veins  traversing  the  priuKiry  rocks,  in  this  portion  ol  tiio 
min(M-al  region  (so  called)  it  may  be  sufhcient  to  say 
that  no  v(!in  indicating  a  workable  quantity  of  metal 
of  any  kind  wns  observed,  but  it  should  not  be  inferred 
from  diis  that  tlicy  do  not  exist  here. 

Mv  observations  were  mostly  confined  to  township 
lines,  which  do  not  olivays  pass  over  the  most  favorable 
places  for  examination,  and  afTorded  no  opportunity  of 
tracing  up  veins,  that  have  some  meialliferous  indica^ 
tions,  until  thuir  characters  were  developed. 

ARGILLACEOUS  sLATi.S. 

Flanking  the  pri.nary  I'ocks  already  described  on  the 
northwest,  in  T.  51  N^'u.  30,  :U  and  32,  W.  argilla^ 
ceous  slates  were  found.  They  seldom  crop  out,  and, 
on  account  of  their  being  g(merally  covered  with  a  con^ 
siderable  depth  of  earth,  their   precise  limits    could   not 


■^ 


I 


OF    LAKE    SUrERlOn.  •'•' 

he  fl(>iincfl  Thry  ur(3,  however,  supposed  to  ocenpy  a 
spi'C(j  from  one  to  two  or  more  miles  in  hrendlh,  before 
tliey  are  overlaid  with  the  s:\r.dstone.  Tht^se  roeks 
have,  g-nerally,  near  their  jiu.ctioii  with  tlie  primary 
voeiv,  a  dij)  from  20  to  80  degrees  to  the  N.  or  N.  N. 
W.  ninl  th(M"i'  lint^  of  clc^avage  dips  to  tlie  S.  or  S.  K 
making  an  angi'-  with  the  line  of  depo;==ition  of  abont  05 
degrees.  These  yiates  arc  generally  of  a  dnrk  brown 
color  ;  but  a  curious  variety  wns  found  in  both  braneh- 
osof  Union  river,  on  south  boundary  of  T.  7)2  N.,  R. 
:^0  W.  section  JIO.  Loose  masses  have  been  brought 
down  these   streams  in  abund'.niee,  some  of   wV.irh  are 

varied  with  numerous  stripes  of   red,    lig"^  b""'}'*    ^^S^^^ 

and  dark  brown  &c- 

RKD    AND    VAIUEOATED    SANDSTONE. 

Flanking  the  slates  already  described,  and  resting  up- 
on them,  vvd  and  variegatcsd   sandstones  were    found.— 
These  rocks  extend  north  and  west  in  nojiriy  horizontal 
fitrata,  passing  Huron  and    Kcewenaw  Hnys,  and  flank 
the  base  of  the  trap   range  of   Keewennw  Point,    on  the 
southeast,  throughout  the  survey.      This  s.mdstono  also 
Hanks  the    primary  rock  before  described,   on  the  north 
and  northenst,  to  the  coast  of  Lake  Snnorior,    exc.(>pt  in 
the  vicinity  of   Presque  Jslc.     These    roeks  occupy    a 
larger  area  on  the  survey  than  all  the  other  rocks  ;  they 
are  generally  laminated,    and  not   unHvquently  jointed, 
and  vary  considerably  in  the  fineness  :)f  the  materials  of 
which  they   are  composed,    in  ditfcrcnt  strata;  nnd  the 
whole  are  tolerably  compact. 

Though  the  strata  of   the  sand  rock  may,  in  general, 
be  considered    horizontal,    it  has   evidently   been  some- 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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MINERAL    REGION 


what  disturbed  and  contorted,  and  was  observed  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  northern  slope  of  the  piiinary  and  trap 
hills,  to  have  a  considerable;  din  from  them. 

'1  his  rock  borders  a  largo  [)roportioii  of  the  Lake 
coast  throughout  this  part  of  tiie  survey,  and  may  be 
seen,  forming  ledges  from  a  few  feet  to  70  or  80  feet 
in  height  ;  and  it  should  be  mentioned,  that  novaculite, 
or  at  least  a  very  fine  grit  for  whetstones,  may  be  found 
in  a  ledge  on  the  east  side  of  Keev.'cnaw  Bay,  near  its 
head,  on  section  85,  T.  51  N.  R.  38  W. 

This  ledge  is  laminated  and  jointed,  and  from  it  may 
bo  obtained  whetstones  of  almost  any  degree  of  fmeness. 
Also,  to  the  S.  S.  W.  of  this  ledge,  on  section  2,  a  good 
quality  of  reddish  clay  was  seen,  and  ai  several  other 
points  on  the  bay  coast,   in  this  vicinity. 

TRAP  UANCE    OF  KEKWENAW   POINT. 

This  range  commences  at  the  east  end  of  Keewenaw 
Point,  and  has  a  course  generally  to  the  sonthv\est,  in 
a  series  of  trap  knobs  and  irregular  hills,  from  three  to 
seven  or  eight  hundred  feet  in  height  above  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

Their  general  topograi)hical  character  and  boundary 
have  been  already  described.     (  See  map.) 

Generally,  the  middle  and  southeasterly  side  of  this 
range  is  a  compact  greenstone,  which  gradually  obtains 
an  amygdaloida!  structure,  near  the  northwest  slope  ; 
and  along  this  slope,  in  many  places,  a  decided  amyg- 
daloid is  found,  the  cavities  of  which  are  frequently  fil- 
led with  quartz,  calcareous  matter  and  cpidote. 

Those  characters  of  the  trap  rock  are  well  sustained 
throughout  this  range  of  the  survey.       It  has  also  been 


f; 


fil- 


OV    LAKK    SUPElllOR. 

obaoi'vctl,  Ibat  generally  the  slope  of  the  trap  rock  has  a 
much  higher  angle  on  the  southeast,  than  on  the  north- 
west side  of  this  range. 

CONGLOMERATE  ROfK. 

This  rock  is  of  a  great  thickness,  and  flanks  the  trap 
range  on  the  noninvest  side,  from  the  east  end  ol 
Keirwcnaw  Point,    westward,    into    township  57    norlii, 

range  33  west. 

Tl\e  conglomerate  rock  is  made  up  of  rounded  pebbl(;s 
and  small  houlders,  ])rincipally  derived  horn  rocks  of  the 
trap  family,  and  so  firmly  cemented  together,  that  wlien 
broken,  these  rounded  masses  frequently  divide  through 
the  middle.  'I'his  rock  does  not  appear  to  be  very  urn- 
form  in  its  dip  ;  it  may  be  estimated,  however,  to  dip 
N.  N.  W.,  from  20  to  r>0  degrees. 

Resting  confer  nably  upon  the  conglomerate  rock,  are 
a  series  of  alternating  strata  of  sandstone  and  conglom- 
orate,     embracing    between   their     strata    several   trap 
dykes  of  considerable  extent,  which  dip  with  tliese  rocks 
to  i\v.^.  N.  N.  W.,  at  an  angle  of  30  to  40  degrees.     The 
injection  of  these  dykes  has  produced  great   changes  in 
the  rocks,   l)y  ^vhich    they    are  embraced.       The  sand- 
stone  near  the  dyke   is   converted  into  an  amygdaloid, 
and  the  clitiracter  of  the  conglomerate  much  changed  by 
igneous  action.     This  is  exemplihed    on    the    points  of 
rocks,  west  of  the  entrance    of  Eagle   Harbor,   where 

they  ^ii'c  severally  seen. 

These  trap  dykes  may  be  seen  at  several  other  places, 
from  Copper  Harbor  to  a  little  west  of  the  cast  boundary 

of  T.  57  N.,  U.  33  west. 

The  conglomerate   rocks  above  described,  were  not 


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1 


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MINERAL    REGION 


seen  flanking  tho  northwest  side  of  the  trap  range  ol' 
Kcevvenaw  Point,  souihwrst  of  township  57  N.,  R.  3:^ 
W.,  or  between  this  and  the  Lake  coast,  until  they  were 
tbund  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  Porcupine  mountains. 
They  are  supposed  to  be  wanting  between  these  points. 
or  they  have  diverged  from  the  trap  range,  and  occupy 
tho  bed  of  Lake  Suj)erior,  which  latter  condition  is 
doomed  the  most  probable,  as  this  direction  best  con- 
forms to  the  strike  of  these  rocks  at  both  places. 

VKINS    AND    VEINSTONE. 

Between  the  cast  end  of  Kecwenaw  Point,  and  Portage 
Lake,  the  trap  and  conglomerate  rocks  are  traversed  by 
raany  well  (iefmed  veins,  at  nearly  right  argies  with  the 
general  course  of  the  trap  range,  and  at  the  surface  of 
the  rocks,  these  veins  are  from  a  mere  line,  to  several 
icot  in  width. 

Tho  veins  above  alluded  to,  are  generally  nearly  ver- 
tical in  the  rocks  they  lrr'\erse,  and  in  some  instances, 
they  appear  to  have  been  tissures  in  the  rock,  and  sub- 
sequently filled  with  veinstones,  diflering  much  in  their 
character  in  ditl(jrent  rockvS. 

In  the  greenstone  and  amygdaloid,  these  veins  are 
usually  made  up  of  trap,  more  or  less  associated  witli 
({uarlz,  and  on  their  sides  firmly  blended  with  the  rock 
which  they  traverse  ;  but,  in  the  conglomerate"  rocks, 
,the  veins  are  ahijost  uniformly  of  calcareous  matter. 

Besides  tho  well  defined  veins,  above  alluded  to,  there 
are  others  imperfectly  formed,  having  a  more  diflusive 
viharacter  ;  also,  at  several  points  on  the  Lake  coast, 
■ilong  tho  line  of  conglomerate  rocks,  veins  of  calca- 
foous  matter  were  seen,   apparently  embraced    between 


OF    LAKE    SlTERIOil. 


M 


their  strata.  These  veins  have  a  course  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  veins  before  ailaded  to,  and  are  supposed 
to  be  of  no  very  great  extent. 

Some  of  these  veins  at  least  are  inctaUif(>rous  through 
some  portions  of   tlieir  course   in   tlie  rocks  which  they 
traverse,  and   contain  native   copper    and   some   of  the 
ores  of  copper.       Green    and   bhi-^  carbonate,    and   the 
black  oxide,  arc  thought  to  be  the  most  abundant  of  the 
ores  ;  and  so  far  as  I   have  been  able  to  observe  these 
veins,  their    metalliferous    character   is   best  developed 
along  the  line  of  junction  of  the  the  trap  and  sedimenta- 
ry locks  nn  b»(h  siues  of  the  trap  range. 
'  Tiiu  luetallifcrous  character  of   these  veins  above  de- 
scribed, have  been  most  explored   on  the  northwest  side 
of  Keewcnaw  Point,  where  some  of  them  are  now  being 
worked,  and    much    interest  is    felt  by  the  enterprising 
proprietors  of  these  works. 

Thus  far,  several  of  these  veins  ofTtr  increased  in-^ 
ducements  to  prosecute  the  work,  and  a  few  years  of 
labor  will  devclope,  in  some  good  degree  their  true  char- 
acter. 

That  portion  of   the  trap   range  of   Kcewenaw  Point, 
extending  southwest  of  Portage  .Lake,  to  the  south  boun- 
dary of  the    survey,    has  generally  less  width  than  that 
which  has  already  been  described,   and    the    trap  rocks 
do  not  so  frequently  crop  out,  consequently,    its  junction 
with  the  sedimentary  rocks,  could  not  often  be  seen.     But 
the   aberrations  of   the    magnetic    needle,    (determined 
by  the  Solar  Compass,)    has   always  been  found  to  be 
very  great  on  or  near  the  trap  bills,  by  which  means,   it 
is  believed,   that   its   boundary   on  the   township    lines, 
where  no  out  crop  could  be  seen,  has  been  very  nearly 


I 


wmmmmmmm^ffnnfm. 


MP 


mmmmm 


100 


MINERAL    llEGION 


definod.  (Sec  map.)  l>ut  low  veins  arc  seen  travers- 
ing the  rocks  on  this  part  of  the  trap  range,  and  no  one 
observed  to  be  metal  11  ferous.  Creditable  repoils,  how- 
ever, say,  that  eo[»per  veins  have  been  ibund  near  the 
head  waters  of  Elm   river. 

ARGILLACEOUS     SLATES, 

Argillaceous  slate  of  a  dark  brown  color,  and  slaty 
sandstone,  are  developed  on  a  lai-ge  seale  in  the  bed  and 
banks  of  Iron  river,  tliroiigh  township  51  north,  raigu' 
42  west  three  or  four  miles  east  oi'  the  Porcupine  moun- 
tains, Theso^slates  are  very  variable  in  their  direction 
and  amount  of  their  dip  in  dilFerent  places.  They  vary 
from  N.  E,  to  S,  E,,  and  dip  from  15  to  15  degrees  in 
that  direction. 

Tb-"S3  slates  were  also  seen  50  or  GO  chains  cast  of 
Jron  river,  near  corner  of  s-ctions  25  and  JiG,  and  dip- 
ping i.e.  N.  E.  about  eleven  degrees.  Erom  these  facts 
it  is  reasonable  to  infer,  that  the  slates  dip  under  the 
sandstone,  to  the  east  of  them,  and  that  they  extend 
west,  to  the  base  of  the  Poi-cupino  mountains.  But 
these  slates,  except  in  the  streams  before  mentioned, 
arc  generally  overlaid  with  a  considerable  depth  of 
earth,  and,  therefore,  their  boundary  coidd  not  be  cor- 
rectly  defined. 

Argillaceous  slaty  sandstone,  somewhat  siinilar  to 
those  already  described,  are  found  on  the  northwest  side 
of  the  trap  range  of  Keewenaw  Point,  on  the  east  and 
south  boundaries  of  township  53  north,  '^ange  80  west, 
(sections  25  and  ;3:}.)  These  slaty  sandstone  seldom 
crop  out,  consequently  their  limit  was  not  ascertain- 
ed.    These  rocks  dip  considerably  to  the   northwest. 


OK    LAKE    SUPICIUOR. 


RKD    SANDSTONE. 

Between  the  slates  of  Iron  river  and  the  trap  range  of 
Kecwenavv  Point,  (^except  as  above  nientionec!,)  and 
south  of  the  nortli  half  of  T.  57  N.,  R.  3:3  VV.  and  the 
Lake  coast,  to  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey,  so  far 
as  known,  the  country  is   underlaid  with  red   sandstone. 

This  rock  frequently  appears  along  the  Lake  coast, 
and  in  the  beds  and  banks  of  streams  and  ravines.— 
The  sandstone  here  is  supposed  to  belong  to  the  same 
formation  of  the  red  sandstone  already  described,  east 
of  the  trap  range  of  Kecwenaw  Point.  Its  general 
character  is  the  same,  except  that  in  some  places  it  con- 
tains more  mica.  This  snndstone  was  observed  to  dip 
most  near  the  trap  range,  in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction, 
which  clip  diminishes  to  the  coast  of  Lake  Superior. 
A  nicely  stratified  and  jointed  form  of  this  rock,  may  be 
seen  on  the  Lake  coast  at  the  south  boundary  of  T.  55 
N.,  U.  :36  \V. 

TRAP    AND    CONGLOMKRATE    ROCKS    OF    THE     rORCUPINE 

3I0UNTAINS. 

The  remaining  part  of  the  survey  embraces  the  north- 
erly portion  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains,  the  bounda- 
ries of  which  have  already  been  described.  (See  map.) 
Th(;se  mountains  are  made  up  of  a  somewhat  broken 
range  of  trap  and  conglomerate  hills,  liaving  an  estima- 
ted height  from  three  to  nine  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above 
Lake  Superior. 

South  of  Carp  river,  (which  runs  nearly  parallel  to 
the  Lake  coast,)  and  the  south  boundary  of  the  survey, 
also  the  west  half  of  T.  51  N,,  R.  42  W.,   embraces 


3^^  < 


I 


RP'^'^MiHPMIIiPHiMiillPI 


102 


JIINEUAL    KL(iION 


hi 


the  ti-Mj)  rock   witliiii  this  part   of  the    survey,     wliicli 
occupies  an  area  of  less  tlian  one  township. 

A  large  proportion  of  this  trap  is  very  compact,  but 
in  some  places  it  is  an  amygdaloid,  the  colls  of  which 
are  generally  filled  with  calcnreoua  njatter  or  ei,'idotc. 
This  trap,  also,  varies  in  color  from  a  dark  green  or 
gray,  to  nearly  a  brick  red. 

To  the  northwest  of  the  trap  rock  Iiills,  and  separated 
from  them  by  the  valley  of  Carp  river,  are  two  con- 
glomerate hills,  having  a  course  nearly  parallel  to  the 
Lake  coast,  from  six  to  eight  miles,  the  highest  parts  of 
which  are  estimated    at  400  ieet  above  Lake    Superior. 

These  conglomerate  rocks  appear  to  belong  to  the 
same  formation  with  the  upper  conglomerate  of  Kce- 
wenaw  Point,  having,  like  the  latter,  alternating  strata 
of  sandstone  and  conglomerate  rocks,  which  dip  to  the 
N.  N.  VV.,  at  an  angle  from  25  to  45  degrees.  A  few 
veins  of  calc-Mcous  spar,  were  s;en  in  these  rocks  at  the 
Lake  coast,  on  enst  boinidarv  of  T.  51  N.,  R.  43  \\.; 
also,  near  the  /one  rock  (so  called,)  in  T.  51  N.,  R.  44 
W..  but  no  one  observed  to  be   metalliferous. 

It  is,  however,  creditably  reported,  that  copper  veins 
have  been  found  on  this  part  of  the  survey. 


Dill  FT. 


I|*H 


I 


Numerous  erratic  lioulders  and  other  liner  materials, 
arc  ibund  spread  over  this  region  of  country,  aj;parently 
derived  from  the  rocks  which  abound  hvn\  and  from 
the  region  north  of  Lake  Superior.  Therefore,  it  is  not 
uncommon  to  fmd  transported  blocks  along  the  Lake 
coast,  or  in  valleys  of  streams  which  contain  copper  or 
other  interesting  minerals.     The  relative  position  of  the 


OF    JAKE    SL'PFRIOn. 


ion 


u  ■•'■ 


land  and  water  of  Lake  Suporior,  at  some  remote  period 
of  time,  appears  to  have  been  quite  di ill  rent  from  thoir 
present  state,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  elllct  of  the  Lak-J 
on  the  rock,  and  the  term  of  the  Lake  blulls,  in  many 
phicessomc  two  hundred   i'ect  al)Ove  it^3  prc^sent  level. 

Thus  far,  a  brief  view  of  the  geological  condition  of 
the  various  rock  fonnntions  has  been  taken,  leaving  to 
the  reader  the  pleasure  of  drawing  his  own  conchision? 
as  to  the  causes  which  have  produced  these  geological 
effects,  and  also  as  to  what  may  be  deemed  to  be  more 
or  less  valuable  or  interesting  in  this  region  of  country. 
in  executing  this  part  of  the  work,  1  liave  been  much 
assisted  by  valuable  instructions  from  our  lale  and  re- 
spected State  Geologist,  Dk.  DoioLAfss  UouonTON, 
who  had  this  survey  in  charge,  and  fiom  whom  a  criti- 
cal geological  report  was  expected. 

In  conclusion,  it  moy   be  proper  to  remark,    that   m 
consequence  of  township  lines  being  confined  to  distances 
of  six  miles  apart,    and  to  north   and  south  and  cast  and 
west  courses,  they  frequently  pnss,  for  a  long  distance, 
over  ground  not  the  most   favorable   for   geological  ex- 
aminations ;   also,    supplies  have;   to  be    turnished    with 
packmen,  instead  of  pack  horses,  in  this  region  of  coun- 
try, and  each  man  of  a  party  on  township  lines,  is  under 
the  necessity  of  performing  his  duties  w:th  a  pack  upon 
his  back.     Hut,    notwithstanding  these  dilTieuhies,    it  is 
believed  that  when  experience  shall  have   perfected  this 
system  of  linear  and  geological  surveys,  it  will  be  found 
the  cheapest  and  the  best  yet  devised   for  the  public  in- 

terost 

WILLIAM  A.  BURT. 

Dcpiilij  Surveyor. 


■}'■•■ 


wmm 


wmm 


wmmm 


•  ':     i 


?ii' 


ill 


GENERAL  OBSEllV ATIONS. 


UrON    THK 


OP    THK    DISTRICT 


SOUTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR, 

NUBDIVIDED    IX     1845,     TINDER    THE    DIRECTION    OF 
DOUGLASS  HOUGHTON,  Deputy  Surveyor. 


,'-y,-'\j'K-^  ^w''~*»>"~'->'"v^~N.  ' 


The  subdivisions  embrace  the  following  townshipK 
which  arc  fully  completed,  and  the  notes  and  maps 
thereof,  arc  herowilh  returned. 

Town  46  North,  Ranges  24,  25  and  26 

47  *»  *«        24,  25  and  26 

48  "  >♦        25  and  26 
51     *'  **        32  and  33 

32 

32  and  33 

32  and  33 

31,  32  33  and  34 

30,  31,  32,  33  and  34 

29,  30,  31,  32  and  33 

26,  27,  28,  30  and  31 

27,  28  and  30 
The  notes  and  maps  of  town  58  north,  ranges  29  and 

32  west,  and  town  59  north,    range  29  west,   were    in 
possession  of  Dr.  Houghton,  and  were  lost  with  him. 


a 
'( 
*( 
n 
(i 
ii 
ii 
<i 

ii 
it 


52 
53 
54 
55 
56 


5< 


58 
59 


ii 

a 
a 
i( 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 


it 
♦  ♦ 
ii 
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it 
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it 

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West, 
it 

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It 

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ii 
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if 
it 


(iEOLOGY  AND  TOPOGRAPH  Y 


i 


i 


OP    LAKE    SUPEUIOU. 


105 


For  our  present  purpose,  the  above  named  towns  may 
be  arranged  in  two  divisions,  which,  from  their  dillerent 
geological  features,  will  bo  separately  considered. 

In  the  (irst,  will  be  included  towns  4(3,  47  and  48 
north,  ranges  24,  25  and  20  west.  \n  the  second  divis- 
ion, the  towns  upon  the  Keewenaw  I'en insula.  Towns 
48,  in  ranges  25  and  20,  and  all  those  of  our  second 
division,  are  within  the  town  line  survey  of  the  past 
season,  and  the  general  features  of  their  topogrnphy 
and  geology,  aro  exhibited  with  great  purspicuily  and 
accuracy,  in  the  report  of  Wm.  A  Hurt,  Esq,  accom- 
panying the  returns  of  his  surveys.  I  shill  therefore, 
as  far  as  possible,  avoid  repetition  of  lacts  which  appear 
sufficiently  detailed  by  him. 


m 


I'RIMARY  AND  METAMORVHIC  REGION. 


a 
a 
a 

it 

it 
(t 


Gr anile  Rocks. 

The  portion  of  country  included  in  our  first  division, 
which  is  occupied  by  these  rocks,  embraces  towns  46 
north,  ranges  24,  25  and  20  west,  together  with  most 
of  the  lower  tier  of  sections  in  the  towns  adjoining  on  the 
north. 

Throughout  this  region,  the  granite  rocks  make  their 
appearance  in  a  succession  of  rounded  knobs,  elevated 
from  20  to  100  feet  above  the  surrounding  country,  and 
from  oOO  to  800  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  having  a  general  range  a  littla  south  of  west,  and 
north  of  east. 

These  rocks  vary  much  in  character  and  com- 
position, being  sometimes  hornbiendic,  and  approaching 
a  perfect  syenite,    but   more   commonly  feldspathic,  or 

8 


WT^ 


'■:    I 


100 


MINKllAL    REC.IOlV 


composed  of  (|u;ii(z  and  feldspMi*,  in  winch  tho  laller 
minjrnl  prcdomiMaUs'.  In  tlu;  more  soutliorly  poilion 
of  the  district,  the  ll'ldspnr  is  rod,  und  gives  u  preilotni- 
natii  color  lo  the  rock.  Oecasioniilly,  iIk;  graiiito  is 
travurs)d  by  iju  irl/.  in  irr.^g  il  ir  veins.  borne  por- 
tions arc  massively  slratili'd.  the  masses  dipping  In  tlio 
north,  or  being  neaily  vertical.  The  knobs  are  round- 
ed in  outline;  and  are  sotn 'times  bare  rock  ;  but,  in  gen- 
eral, they,  in  common  with  ibe  surrounding  country, 
arc  Will  limbered  with  sprnco,  hemlock,  lir,  birch,  suji,ar 
mnplc,  \Nhile  pine  and  aspen.  The  soil  is,  iii  genora), 
sandy,  and  second  or  third  rale. 

Plains  of  s|)ruco  pine  occupy  the  more  elevated  por- 
tions ofth-  district,  embracing  about  one  half  or  the  cen- 
tral part  of  town  40,  nuige  25,  and,  stretching  norther- 
ly, includ(j  the  southvvcsttrly  one  fourth  of  town  47, 
range  25.  'I'his  tract  is  destitute  of  streams,  and  the 
soil  is  very  poor  and  sandy.  The  tiuibcr  is  chiefly  an 
inferior  sj)ruce  |)ino.  ThCvSC  plains  divide  the  waters 
flowing  into  Lake  Suj)erior  on  the  N.  and  E.,  and  Lake 
Michagin  on  tlx;  S. 

'J'his  granitj  district  is  intercepted  on  the  east  by  a 
belt  of  the  rc;d  sandrock.  herealu.'r  nliuded  to,  which 
occupies  tlij  tract  between  it  and  the  Lake  coast. 

A  lillle  south  of  Presqiie  Isle,  granilic  rocks  make 
their  appearance  on  the  coast  of  the  Lake,  and  wester- 
ly from  Prcsquc  Isle,  continue  to  occupy  tlie  projecting 
points  for  several  miles,  the  red  sandrock  occupying  the 
intervening  bays.  Knobs  also  of  this  rock,  occu[)y  the 
portion  of  town  48  north,  range  25  west,  lying  north  of 
Riviere  du  Mort. 

The  gra.nito  of  this  portion  of  the  countrv  is  traversed 


f 


OP    LAKE    BUrERIOIl. 


107 


by  large  ond  irregular  dykos  of  ^rncnstono  trap,  and 
the  grajiitc  itsi.ir  puts*  on  a  trappi»so  t:!iMi'act<n%  ibo  two 
rooks  bring  sornctinics  with  d  iri«*ii!tv  distinguishable 
from  each  otli-r.  'I'his  is  ihe  comuh  n(v  nu;nt  of  an  ap- 
parently VTM'V  iarge(rMerit  of  <2;raniti  'Country,  extending 
westerly    into  llic   r-gion  not  yet   surveyed   by  section 

lines. 

These  granit(  s  arc  important  in  ars  ecoiuanical  point 
of  view,  being  x)  hituat*  d  as  to  be  easily  quarried,  and 
otfording  a  givat  variety  of  very  duialjle,  as  well  as  or- 
namental buii/ing  stones.  VV Ik  n  we  consider  tiiat  the 
whole  vast  valley  of  the  Mississippi  lo  the  south,  is 
made  u|)  of  secondary  rucks,  it  seems  probal)le  that 
these  granit(!s  will  furnish  a  v.duaMe  article  of  com- 
merce so  soon  as  a  more  easy  con. niunication  sliall  have 
been  alForded  between  Lake  fc=Ui)erior  and  the  I'^wcr 
Lakes. 

MKTAMORrniC    GROUP. 


'      ! 


I.t 


The  rocks  thus  designated,  occupy  the  country  lying 
between  the  two  granite  regions  above  mentioned. — 
The  several  portions  of  this  district  vary  so  much  ii\  the 
character  of  the  prevailing  rocks,  as  to  cull  for  separate 
deKcrii)tions. 

The  mon;  southerly,  which  I  shall  here  denominate 
the  qiiitr/zi/c  portion,  is  composed  of  white  and  brown 
quartz  rocks,  talcosc,  augilic  and  clay  slates,  slaty  horn- 
blende, and  specular  and  micaceous  oxides  of  iron,  and 
embrace  the  tract  between  the  granite  on  the  south,  and 
a  line  bearing  north  of  west  from  the  mouth  of  Carp 
river,  to  the  centre  of  the  west  line  of  T.  48  N.,  R.  26 
W.     This  tract  is  rolling,  with  frequent  ridges,  having 


108 


MINERAL    REGION 


|! 


a  direction  nearly  cast  anri  wc^t,  or  boarin^^  south  of 
west,  and  elevated  above  the  surrounding  country  from 
40  to  150  feet.  The  j^roatcst  elevation  above  Lake 
K::upe:'ior,  as  determined  by  the  barometer,  is  1001  feet. 
The  timber  ij  chiefly  sugar  maple, »v/ith  some  scattering 
pines,  and  other  evergreens  and  birch. 

The  central  portions  of  these  ridges  would  seem  to 
be  trap,  which  is  here  capped,  as  well  as  flanked,  by 
the  metamorphosed  rocks.  Though  no  well  character- 
ized trap  makes  an  outcrop,  throughout  this  portion  of 
the  metamorphic  region,  the  altered  nature  of  the  rocks 
plainly  indicates  the  near  approach  of  an  igneous  rock 
to  the  surface,  and  the  dip  of  the  rocks,  thougl;  mainly 
north,  at  a  high  angle,  exhibits  a  tendency  in  all  direc- 
tions from  a  central  axis. 

These  rocks  arc  throughout  pervaded  by  the  argillace- 
ous red  and  micaceous  oxides  of  iron,  scnetimcs  inti- 
matelv  disseminated,  and  sometimes  in  beds  or  veins. 
These  are  frequently  of  so  great  extent  as  almost  to  en- 
title them  to  be  considered  as  rocks.  The  largest  ex- 
tent of  iron  ore  noticed,  is  in  town  47  north,  range  '26 
west,  near  the  corner  of  sections  29,  i^O,  31,  32.  There 
are  here  two  large  beds  or  hills  of  ore,  made  up  almost 
entirely  of  granulated,  magnetic  and  specular  iron,  with 
small  quantities  of  spathoso  and  micaceous  iron.  The 
more  northerly  of  these  hills  extend,  in  a  direction  near- 
ly east  and  west,  for  at  least  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  and 
has  a  breadth  little  less  than  1000  'ioM^  the  whole  of 
which  forms  a  single  mass  of  ore,  with  occasional  thin 
strata  of  imperfect  chert  and  jasper,  and  dips  north  10 
degrees  east,  about  30  degrees.  At  its  southerly  out- 
crop the  ore  is  exposed  in  a  low  cliif,    above  which  the 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


109 


hilj  rises  to  the  height  of  ^O  to  80  foet  abo\G  the  coun- 
try, on  the  south.  Tho  ore  here  exhibits  a  strati  lied  or 
laaiirmtod  struclurc,  and  breaks  rcadilv  into  sub-rhom- 
boidal  fragments,  in  sucli  a  manner  as  will  greatly 
facilitate  tlie  operation  of  quarrying  or  mining  the  ore. 

This  bed  ot  iron  will  compare,  favorably,  both  for 
extent  and  quality,  witii  any  known  in  our  country. — 
The  largest  of  the  largo  ore  beds  of  the  state  of  Now 
Y*>rk,  is  estimated  to  be  but  700  [cct  in  breadth,  by 
1000  in  length, 

A  more  extended  and  minute  examination  will  proba- 
bly determine  this  portion  of  the  metamorphic  group  to 
contain  other  ores,  less  in  amount,  but  which  are  gene- 
rally esteemed  more  valuable. 

Tho  northerly  portion  of  tne  metamor[)hic  group  of 
rocks,  and  which  may  here  be  denominated  the  trappose 
portion,  embraces  the  whole  remainder  of  tho  group 
north  of  the  portion  last  described,  except  a  small  tract 
of  country  occupied  exclusively  by  clay  slate  rock,  and 
whose  extent  will  be  hercafte'*  noticed. 

This  division  of  the  metamorphic  region  is  character- 
ized by  tho  frequent  occurrence  of  knobs  or  uplifts  of 
greenstone  and  augitic  trap,  making  their  appearance 
rather  irrogulai'ly  over  the  country,  and  surrounded  by 
altered  sandstones  and  slates.  These  uplifts  are  doubt- 
less disconnected  from  any  common  centre  or  focus  of 
cru[)tion  ;  but  it  is  evident  that  rocks  of  igneous  origin, 
form  the  base  of  all  the  rocky  elevations  of  the  region, 
and  the  surrounding  altered  and  slaty  rocks  flank  their 
sides  and  dip  in  all  directions  from  them,  the  trap  being 
protruded  into  a  series  of  low  knobs.  Around  the  bases 
of  these  arc  the  metamorphic  rocks,  consisting  mostly  of 


110 


MINERAL     HEOION 


I 


I 


!■■ 


talcoso,  chlorite  and  clay  slates.  Quartz  forms  com- 
paritively  a  sma'l  proportion  of  those  rocks.  The  pre- 
vailing dip  is  northerly,  ahout  80  degrees.  Several  of 
these  knobs,  in  T.  48  N.,  R.  26  VV.,  attain  an  elevation 
of  1058  feel  above  Lake  Superior. 

A  hill  of  tolerably  well  defined  granite  makes  an  out- 
crop near  the  centre  of  this  region,  and  in  a  low  ridge, 
bearing  in  an  easterl}'^  and  westerly  direction  about  two 
miles,  but  the  granite  is  evidently  of  a  tra|)pose  charac- 
ter. The  hills  of  thi'>  region  are  generally  timbered  to 
their  summits,  and  in  many  of  them  the  rock  does  not 
come  to  the  surface.  The  country  is,  in  general, 
moderately  rolling  and  beautiful.  The  timber  is  chiefly 
sugar  maple,  yellow  birch,  fir,  hemlock  and  spruce, 
and  the  soil  will,  without  doubt,  prove  fertile. 


CLAY    SLATE. 


The  rocks  of  the  metamorphic  group  frequently 
graduate  into  clay  slate,  and  it  will  be  perceived,  by  re- 
ference to  the  map,  that  a  well  defined  clay  slate  occu- 
pies a  distinct  tract  in  the  region  under  consideration. 
This  tract  is  almost  wholly  in  T.  48  N.,  R.  26  W.,  and 
occupies  an  area  of  about  five  sections.  The  s!ate  ap- 
pears goneraiiy  in  low  knobs,  dipping  northwesterly, 
and  is  highly  argillaceous.  The  tract  is  timbered  with 
a  largo  growth  of  sugar  maple  and  hemlock. 


RED    SANDROCK. 


It  will  be  perceived    that  this  rock   occupies    a  small 
nortion  of  the  country  ombraced  in  our  first  division, — 


1 
1 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


Ill 


' 


It  la  found  skirting  tho  prim;uy  and  mr^trimorphic  rocks 
on  nil  sides,  and  almost  excluding  them  from   the  Lake 

coast. 

As  this  rock  occupies  a  larger  area  in  the  district  of 
country,  hereafter  to  be  considered,  no  description  of  it 
will  here  be  given.  It  may,  however,  simply  be  obser- 
ved, that  this  rock  is  frequently  found  surrounding,  and 
in  contact  with,  the  uplifted  masses  of  igneous  rocks, 
and  is  then  invariably  much  altered  both  in  appearance 
and  texture,  and  may,  under  such  circumstances,  fairly 
be  considered  as  nvjtamorphic. 

KEEWENAW    POINT. 

The  subdivisions  of  the  past  season  upon  this  part  of 
the  survey,  include  all  that  portion  of  Keewenaw  Point 
lying  north  and  east  of  Portage  Lake,  and  this  portion 
of  the  work  will  be  separately  considered. 

Keewenaw  Point  may  be  said  to  be  made  up  of  three 
rock  formations,  traf),  trap  congUmierate,  and  red  sand 
rock.  Of  these,  the  first  mainly  gives  its  peculiar  char- 
acter to  the  country,  giving  to  it  its  mouniainous  aspect 
and  general  configuration,  having  been  protruded  by  the 
operation  of  igneous  forces  into  its  present  position; 
while  thf  other  rocks  are  .sedimentary  in  their  origin, 
and   are    found   surrounding    and   resting   against   the 

other. 

The  accompanying  map  will  exhibit,  with  much  accu- 
racy, the  positions  and  extent  of  these;  rocks,  in  refer- 
nnce  to  each  other,  and  to  the  town  and  section  lines.. 

TRAP    ROCKS. 

It  will  be  seen  that   throughout   nearly  the  whole  of 


'  ti 


k 


112 


MINERAL    REGION 


the  portion  occupied  by  these  rocks,  may  be  traced  two 
distinct  ranges  of  hiils,    which,   commencing   near  the 
easterly  extremity  of  the  Point,  run   nearly  parallel   to 
the  boundary  of  the  trap.      The  summits  of  the  more 
northerly  range,    preserve  an  almost   uniform  distance 
from  the  northerly  boundary  of   trap,  of  about  one  and 
a   quarter   miles,    while   those  of  the  southerly    range 
average  little  more  than  a  half  mile    from  the  southerly 
extension  of  the  trap  formation.     These    ranges,  which 
are  quite  continuous  from  T.  57  N.,  R.  28  W.,  westerly 
as  far  as  T.  57  N.,  R.  32  W.,  begin  here  to  fall  away, 
becoming  also  more  irregular  and   broken   as   they  ap- 
proach the  basin  of  Portage   Lake.       In  fact,  from  the 
latter  town,   southwesterly,    their  character,   as  distinct 
ranges,  is  almost    entirely   lost,   until  they   reappear   at 
about  an  equal  distance  from  the  Portage  Lake,    on  the 
other  side  of  the  basin.       The    continuity  of  the    trap 
rocks,  however  is  not   destroyed,  though  its  bounds  arc 
much  narrowed. 

The  barometer  work  having  been  carried  no  further 
west  from  the  extremity  of  the  Point,  than  range  29, 
does  not  enable  me  to  give  the  elevations  of  these  ranges 
with  completeness  ;  but  it  may  be  slated  that  the  high- 
est point  found  is  in  the  southerly  range,  in  T.  58  N., 
R.  29  W.,  where  the  trap  rises  into  a  knob  having  an 
elevation  above  Lake  Superior  of  876  feet.  To  this 
knob  has  been  given  the  name  of  Mt.  Houghton.  The 
general  elevation  of  the  northerly  range  of  hills  is,  how- 
ever, somewhat  the  greatest,  the  knobs  rising  to  from 
400  to  600  feet. 

These  ranges  present  their  steepest   escarpments  on 
their  southerly  sides,   where  they  rise    frequently    into 


m 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


lis 


ciifi's  of  100  toot  nearly  perpendicular,  and,  in  one  in- 
stance, in  the  soutlierly  range,  to  nearly  400  ieet.  In 
general,  they  slope  niucli  more  gently  to  the  north,  thus 
ibllovvingthe  general  inclination,  or  dip,  whicii  is  conn- 
mon  to  all  the  rocks  ot"  the  Point. 

The  portion  ol'  the  trnp  district  included  hctwecn  these 
two  rang(^s,  as  lar  westerly  as  range  oO,  hus  a  gradual 
descent  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Montreal  river.  Be- 
yond this,  westerly,  it  is  more  rolling  and  sometimes  bro- 
ken by  knobs  and  ridges  of  trap,  with  some  intervening 
swamps.  The  whole  is,  in  general,  covered  by  a  sandy 
loam,  and  is  clothed  with  an  abundant  growth  of  sugar 
maple,  birch,  fir,  oak  and  white  pine  ;  the  maple  great- 
ly predominating,  wherever  tiie  soil  is  of  suf^cient 
depth.  Where  this  soil  is  barely  sutricicnt  to  conceal 
the  underlying  rock,  cedar  is  the  prevailing  timber. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  Little  Montreal  river, 
above  alluded  to,  has  its  course  wholly  between  these 
two  trap  ranges,  pursuing  its  course  nearly  across 
ranges  30,  29  and  28.  This  is  the  most  considerable 
stream  in  the  district  under  consideration.  Though 
somewhat  sluggish  through  the  first  half  of  its  course, 
which  may  be  said  to  occupy  the  most  elevated  part,  or 
plateau,  of  the  trap  region,  it  becomes  more  rapid 
through  rri.->;es  29  and  28,  and  its  course  to  the  Lake 
shows  a  very  considerable  descent,  probably  of  a  about 
300  feet,  through  the  latter  range. 

The  more  northerly  of  these  ranges  of  trap  is  very 
uniform  in  character,  and  while  the  rock  of  both  the 
northerly  and  southerly  ranges  may  be  denominated 
greenstone,  that  of  the  latter  is  much  the  most  compact. 
The  rocks  of  the   former  range,    have  a  very  distinct- 


i-'  I 


ii 


i\ 


I 


ill 


114 


MINERAL    REGION 


ly  chrvstnlino  structure,  passing  from  a  very  gradulatcd 
greenstone  to  a  rocU  composed  of  chrystals  of  uugitc, 
or  hornblende,  and  feldspar,  with  considerable  inter- 
mixture of  quartz,  sometimes  nearly  forming  an  imper- 
fect syenitic  granite,  and  showing  the  identity  of  origin 
of  the  trap  and  granite  rocks.  Tlieso  portions  of  the 
trap  arc  extremely  hard,  and  break  with  difficulty  under 
the   hammer. 

'J'lie  cenlral  portion  of  the  more  elevated  knobs  of 
the  southerly  range  are  frequently  composed  of  a  very 
hard  ixnd  compact  trap  of  a  reddish  color,  which  some- 
times takes  on  tlic  cliaracter  of  a  trap  breccia,  or  aggre- 
gate of  small  cemented  angular  pieces  of  rock,  and  may 
perhaps  be  denominated  a  trap  porphyry. 

Intermediate  between  these  two  ranges,  the  trap  is 
sometimes  compact,  at  others  amygdnloidal,  and  occa- 
sionally granular ;  while,  on  the  outer  slopes  of  both 
ranges,  it  is  almost  uniformly  amygdaloidal,  and  is  fre- 
quently what  may  be  denominated  a  true  amygdaloid, 
having  its  cells  hlled  with  spar,  quartz,  epidoto  and 
other  rm'nerais. 

In  an  eeonomicnl  point  of  view,  the  greenstone  of 
the  trap  range  is  worthy  of  consideration,  being  well 
flitted  for  u-e  as  a  building  material,  from  its  durability, 
and  the  ease  with  which,  in  consequence  of  its  jointed 
.•structure,  it  may  be  quarried. 


CONGLOMERATE    ROCK. 


}  J. 


L. 

i 

fr. 

1 

i 

■■ 

.i 
1 

w 

Is 

Resting  against  the  trap  on  its  northerly  slope,  and 
extending  from  the  extremity  of  Keewenaw  Point  west- 
erly in  T.  57  N.,  R.  33  W.,  will   bo  found  a  rock  for- 


■■^, 


OF    LAKK    SUPERIOR. 


115 


mation  which  is  cvidontly  of  sedimontnry  origin,  being 
composed  of  wulcr  worn  masses,  generally  of  ihc  linrdcr 
portions  of  the  U".\\)  roeiv,  held  tog.-ther  by  nn  exceeding- 
ly hard  calciifeous  and  argillaceous  ceiiK.'nt.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  tins  rock  was  deposited  around  tlie  base  of  the 
trap  luiis,  hcn/ath  the  waters,  and  has  been  subsequent- 
ly elevated,  for  the  whole  mass  di[)s  northerly,  or  from 
the  trap  \u\h,  at  an  angle  of  ab(.ul  45  degrees. 

At  or  near  its  junet.on  with  ihe  trap,  this  rock  rises 
into  a  very  distinct  and  g:;nerully  continuous  hilly 
rang^.'  ;  wiiich  tnay,  in  iaet,  be  considered  as  liic  out- 
cropping edge  of  the  forn)alion,  rising  on  its  northerly 
tilde  in  a  steep  escarpment,  but  sloping  more  gradually 
down  towards  the  Lake,  on  the  north.  'J'his  ridge 
varies  in  elevation,  the  highest  ascertained  i)oint  being 
in  T.  58  iN.,  R.  27  W..  and  is  6H()  feet  above  l.nkc 
Superior.  Bui  this  is  much  above  the  average  elevation 
which  will  not  be  found  probably  to  exceed  oCO  feet. 

A  marked  difl?l  renc(^  is  observable  in  the  character  of 
the  country  occupied  by  the  t-ap  and  conglomerate 
rocks  ;  for  while  the  formerexhibits  a  series  of  elevated 
knobs  of  a  rugged  and  broken  character,  the  latter  pre- 
sents a  more  uniform  and  rounded  tiUtline,  and  cedar, 
fir,  and  other  evergreens,  conr^tiluto  a  larger  proportion 
of  its  timber. 

iMlXED     CONGLOMERATE     AND     SANDROCK. 


At  a  short  distance  northerly  from  the  range  last 
mentioned,  may  be  observed  another,  but  less  elevated 
and  continuous  ridge,  which  is  the  southerly  outcrop  of 
the  mixed  conglomerate  and  sandstone  foruiation.      liiis 


I 


Ir^ 


p 


1 

1 

i. 

1 

I: 

ik 

110 


MlNKllAL    IlKGION 


rock  nriy,  In  fact,  hn  considorod  as  an  upper  mombc^i* 
mrji-tdy  of  thocoiifrlom^ratj,  ami  (litl";rs  from  it  only  in 
being  composed  of  aitornnting  strata  of  coarse  or  line 
materials,  derived  from  tlu;  same  origin.  As  the  finer 
strata  of  tliis  rock  has  Ix-en  mistaken  bv  some  for  tho 
red  sandrock,  licreal'tor  d(>scribed,  it  is  important  to  oi)- 
servc  that  a  very  m^irked  ditFcrence  exists  between  the 
two  rocks  ;  for,  while  the  latter  is  made  up  of  materials 
derived  from  the  several  rock  formations  of  tho  country, 
and  into  which  quartzosc  grains  enter  most  largely,  the 
forn)er  is  wholly  derived  from  the  trap  rocks. 

This  conglomerate  and  sandrock  range  probably  no- 
where exceeds  3.50  feet  above  tho  level  of  the  Lake.  It 
occupies  tho  northern  coast  of  K(!ewcnaw  Point,  witb 
some  exceptions  occasioned  by  trap  dykes,  within  tho 
limits  alluded  to  as  the  extent,  easterly  and  westerly,  of 
the  conglomerate  rock  formation. 

In  the  hollow  between  these  two  ridges  of  conglome- 
rate, and  conglomcM-ate  and  sandrock,  lie  several  lono- 
and  narrow  lakes,  and  lines  of  swampy  ground  are  not 
an  uncommon  feature. 

The  barometer  work  baving  been  carried  over  a  com- 
paratively small  portion  of  the  Point,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  form  any  new  estimate  of  the  thickness  of  the 
conglomerate  and  mixed  rocks.  Those  contained  in  tho 
report  of  Dr.  Moughton,  made  to  the  Legislature  of 
Michigan  in  1841,  may  be  considered  as  sufiiciently 
precise,  which  fix  the  maximum  of  the  latter  at  4200 
feet,  the  former  having  probably  a  less  thickness  on  tho 
Point,  though  attaining  near  the  Montreal  river  a  thick» 
ness  of  5260  feet. 


OF    LAKE    SUI'ERIOR. 


117 


TiiAp  dvkf:s. 


1  have  already  alludc'd  to  tlio  fact  llial.  tho  granites  of 
th(^  irioro  noi'tlu  riy  |)orti()n  of  the?  pritnary  district  arc 
traversed  I)y  dykf  s  of  trap,  Mliieli  have  produced  great 
chaiiffi's  in  the  rocks  of  lliat  district,  as  also  to  the  fact 
that  tho  conglomerato  and  Randrocks  are  found  traver- 
sed by  similar  dykes.  On  approaching  Keewenaw 
Point,  from  tho  eastward,  trap  is  seen  ;ipj)arently  inter- 
stratified  with  tlie  conglomerate  and  mixed  rocks  which 
constitute  the  coast,  the  whole  dipping  together  to  tho 
north  at  an  angle  varying  from  'M)  to  45  d(>grees. 

A  trap  dyke  of  very  unusual  size  makes  its  appear- 
ance ou  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Point,  in  section  10, 
and  may  l)e  traced  westerly,  following  the  general 
curvature  of  the  coast,  into  range  JU  west.  It  has  an 
average  breadth  of  half  a  mile.  In  its  westerly  pro- 
longation, this  dyke  first  approaches  the  coast  at  Cop- 
per Harbor.  It  lias  here  been  broken  across  by  the 
waters  of  the  Lake;  so  that,  while  the  conglomerate 
rocks  are  tound  coiriposing  the  (juter  [loints,  as  well  as 
the  south  side  of  the  harhor,  the  trap  is  seen  at  its  two 
ends  and  at  the  projecting  ])oints  and  island,  and  it 
forms  tho  bar  across   the  entrance. 

Continuing  westerly,  this  dyke  cuts  entirely  across 
the  con 2^!ome rate  and  sandroeks.  at  Acate  Marhor,  and 
from  thence  the  coast  is  constituted  of  this  roek,  wester- 
ly as  far  as  s—tion  a,  in  T.  58  N.,  R.  131  W.  Along 
this  portion  oi  its  course  it  is  found  gradually  tliinning 
out,  having  at  Crand  IMarais  and  Kaglo  Harbors  a 
width  of  a  few  rods  only,  and  thinning  out  entirely,  or 
passing  oiT  into  thu  deep  water  of  the  Lake,  at  the  point 
above  named. 


113 


MINKUAL    RLGION 


;  ! 


M 


a  ,1 


Mi  -t 


Tlio  trap  coniposing  this  dyke  is  pnrtly  compact  and 
partly  of  amygiuloidMl  stniclme.  At  Agato  Harbor, 
llio  trap  is  of  tliis  latter  character,  and  the  cells  arc  lil- 
Icd  vvilh  chalced'diy.  coiuclian,  jasper,  quartz.  cVc.  of- 
ten funning  agates  of  great  s'Z  i  and  beauty.  'I'liis  part 
of  the  coast  is  lined  with  islands  at  a  fivv  rols  distance 
from  the  main  sliore,  most  of  which  appc  ar  to  be  por- 
tions of  trap  of  a  more  hard  and  compact  character, 
and  which  have  resisted  the  action  of  the  waters  that 
have  washed  away  the  intermediate  portions,  thus  form- 
ing a  scries  of  narrow  and  fleep  chamieis. 

This  dyke  dips  rcgnlarlv  with  the  conglomerate  and 
sandrock  in  which  it  is  included,  to  the  north  and  north- 
west, at  an  an^le  of  about  45  degrees. 

RED    SANDROCK. 

This  rock,  the  c(]uivalent  of  the  Potsdam  rv?d  sand- 
rock  of  the  N;  w  York  rej)or!s,  it  will  Ix;  spcn  by  the 
map,  occupies  \\\r,  whok^  remainder  of  the  j)orl;on  of 
Keewcnaw  Point  under  consideration,  skirting  a  large 
part  of  the  trap  rang',  on  both  sides,  but  having  by  far 
its  liroadest  ext  Mision  on  th^  south  side.  It  herv:  lies  in 
nearly  horiz  )ntal  strata,  though  at  the  coast  a  slight  dip 
inland  is  observable,  b  couiing  more  apparent  as  it  ap- 
protjches  the  basin  of  i^ortng;  Lake.  In  its  appi-oaci) 
to  the  trap,  however,  it  is  found  more  or  less  tilled  from 
its  original  hcnizontal  po-ilion,  and  is  also  very  much 
altered  by  its  contact  with  that  igneous  rock,  'i  he  evi- 
dences both  of  tlui  depiisition  of  this  extensive  formation, 
in  calm  and  shallow  waters,  and  of  tlie  subsequent 
change  induced  in  it  by  the  trap  locks,  when  in  a  iused 
heated  state,  are  very  apparent. 


r^' 


OF    LAKL    Si; r I. RIO R. 


119 


Rt 


from  til 


liToding  from  tlio  trnp  ranges  soutlnvnrd,  iho  sur- 
facG  of  iho  country  undcrlMid  by  ilus  rock  is,  in  general, 
roMing,  and  tin)  be  rod  with  sugar  nui[)ie,  beniloek,  birch, 
spruce,  Hr  and  occasional  Inrg^'  pines.  Tiio  sod  is  u 
sandy  loam,  and  in  g  Mieral  of  good  quality.  Aj»j)i'()ach- 
ing  the  Luke  coast,  the  land  fulls  gradually  to  a  level, 
where  tiie  evcrgrectis  predominate  over  the  maple,  and 
the  country  is  much  cut  up  by  marshes. 


MINERAL    VEINS. 


'■] 


In  regard  to  this  subject,  I  have  deemed  it  unneces- 
sary to  enter  into  details.  Tor  tiie  rousun  that  the  returns 
of  the  surveys,  so  fur  as  the  geoh^gy  is  concerned,  re- 
late rather  to  the  general  character  of  the  region,  and 
that  the  observations  of  the  past  season,  so  tar  as  can 
now  be  determined,  tend  to  confirm  the  facts  which 
have  been  stated  in  considerable  minuteness  of  detail,  in 
the  report  made  by  J)r.  [Toughton,  in  1841,  to  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  state  of  IMichigan. 

It  may,  however,  be  observed,  that  the  courses  of 
many  veins  have  been  fixed  with  {\ccuracy,  and  the  veins 
themselves  iraced,  in  some  instances,  for  several  miles 
across  the  conglomerate  and  sandrocks,  and  into  and 
across  some  portions  of  the  trap.  The  observations 
thus  made,  arc  confirmatory  of  the  fact  first  noted  by 
Dr.  Houghton,  that  the  true  veins  of  the  district  referred 
to,  pursue  a  course  nearly  ai  right  angles  to  the  line  of 
bearing  of  the  trap  range. 

In  concluding  these  brief  descriptions,  it  may  bo  pro- 
per to  state,  that  the  personal  observations  of  the  writer 
have   been  confined    almost  entirely   to  a  somewhat 


■    .; 


i.r 


i 


i  4 


■f 


■1 


h 


V         i 


lit 


1-20 


MINKRAL    RECION 


'•ursorv  oxiildnilinn,  rnado  sovcrul  yonrs  ngo,  whik; 
acting  as  assistanl  toDr.  Ilf)nghton,  in  liis  arduous  labors 
ill  ill';  gr-olf^gical  coniinission  of  IMichigan,  and  that  he 
has  bfM'ii  onablod  todtjvolo  l»ul  a  very  limited  time  to  the 
exnminatioii  of  the  s[)eeimens  collected,  and  of  llu;  i^.teS 
returned,  ft  is  very  probable  tliMt  ho  mny  have  omitted 
many  facts  of  importance.  It  is  only  by  spr-ciai  solicl- 
lation,  and  the  tipparent  necessity  of  the  case,  that  he 
has  undertaken  to  prepare  KUeh  general  observations  as 
seemed  called  IVh-  under  present  circumstanes. 

In  atlen)pting  this  duty,  the  undersigfied  cannot  be 
unmindful  of  thf^  very  vne;igro  and  imperf(H;t  .dveteh  licre 
presented,  when  compared  with  whatever  prc^'cedcd 
from  that  master  mind,  whose  geniu.^  iirst  developed, 
and  whose  indrtmitable  energy  tracked  through  all  its 
difficulties,  a  svslem  not  onlv  intricate  in  itself,  but 
novel  to  science  ;  and  in  a  region  at  that  time  destitute 
of  all  the  ordinary  facilities  for  scientific  investigation. 
To  the  same  active  and  philosopher  mind,  we  owe  the 
system  of  tli(3  union  of  geological  uiib.  liie  line.ii  sur- 
vevs  of  lands  of  the  United  States,  tlie  first  experimental 
results  of  which  are  now  returned  to  this  de|)artment. 

In  presenting  those,  it  may  not  be  deemed  inappro- 
priate to  allude  to  to  the  general  advantages  resulting 
•rom  the  new  system,  as  devised,  and  thus  far  success- 
fully prosecuted,  by  Dr.  Houghton. 

The  r.dvantages  of  thorough  geological  and  tojjogra- 
phical  surveys,  arc  now  so  well  appreciated,  that  ihcy 
have  been  prosecuted  to  a  considerable  extent  by  foreign 
governments.  Great  Britian  has  already  appropriated 
immense  sums  towards  iho  accomplishment  of  a  com- 
plete survey  of  that  kingdom,    which  has  as  yet  advan- 


OF    LAKE    sri'KRIOR. 


121 


red  but  a  comparatively  littlo  way.  And  the  gc.'ological 
surveys  niadci  by  tlio  Unilod  Stat-s,  have  uiado  very  ful- 
ly and  generally  known  the  advantages  of  these  under- 
takings. Fortunately,  the  system  of  rectangular  survey- 
ing, adopted  by  the  United  States  government,  atlbrds 
the  best  possible;  opportunity  to  accomplish,  with  little 
additional  "exiKmso,  what,  under  other  circumstances, 
<;ould  be  edeoted  only  at  a  nnudi  more  eonsidcirablc  cost. 
The  maps,  both  geologicid  uiul  topograj)hicaI,  herewith 
n>turned,  will  aflbrd  souk;  evidence  of  the  extreme  ac- 
curacy, as  well  as  the  extent  and  minuteness  of  the  re- 
suits  thus  obtained. 

In  noticing  some  of  the  scientific  results  of  the  survey 
of  the  past  season,  the  duty  would  be  imperfectly  per- 
tbrmed,  were  I  to  omit  calling  attention  to  the  unwonted 
accuracy  with  which  the  lines  have  been  run.  This 
accuracy  has  been  attained  by  the  exclusive  use,  by  all 
the  parties,  of  "  Burt's  Solar  Compass  ;"  an  instrument 
to  well  known  to  need  more  than  a  bare  allusion,  but 
the  great  value  of  which  has  been  more  than  fully  con- 
firmed during  the  surveys  of  the  past  season.  This 
remark  will  seem  juslified,  when  it  is  considered  that 
nearly  the  whole  region  of  country  traversed  by  these 
surveys,  nl)ounds  with  mineral  attractive  to  the  magnet; 
that  the  needle  has  been  almost  constantly  acted  upon 
bv  causes  which  produced  deviations  from  tlie  true 
meridian  of  the  earth's  magnetism,  and  often  so  power- 
fully as  to  completely  reverse  the  direction  of  its  poles. 
A  variation  fluctuating  from  6°  to  20^  on  either  side  of 
the  true  meridian,  was  not  uncommon,  through  the  length 
of  an  entire  township  ;  and  it  seems  difficult  to  imagine 
how  the    lines  could  have  been  run  with  the    ordinary 

9 


If  i 


TT' 


kt 


■ 


li 


i 


TOO 


3IIM:RAL    Kt(iIO\' 


surveyor's  compass.  Otlicf  impovlant  advanlngcs  have 
boon  arrived  at,  from  the  use  ol  this  compass,  of  both  a 
scientilic  and  practical  cl'arac'cr  ;  one  of  vvlilch  only, 
will  be  iiero  alluded  to,  viz  :  the  moans  ailbrdcd  by  it  of 
detecting  the  presence  of  certain  rocks,  over  large  areas, 
where  wo  rocks  are  visilde  at  the  suj'face.  This  was 
particularly  observable  in  the  region  of  the  great  trap 
ranges,  \»diere  it  was  almost  unilbrtnly  lound  t!mt  the 
needle  became  dc^flected  towards  the  mass  of  the  trap 
iiills,  even  though  distant,  and  v^-as  more  or  less  fluctu- 
ating, when  passing  o\er  a  country  whose  underlying 
rock  was  trap.  The  same  phenomena  were  exhibited 
among  tlu;  iron  ore  rocks  of  the  metainovphic  region. 

Allusion  may  here  be  made  to  the  increased  impur- 
tance  given  to  the  work  of  the  past  season,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  the  barometer  upon  the  lines,  by  means  of 
whicii  thi'  elevations  of  the  couiitiy  are  exhibited  with  a 
great  dcgrci'  of  accuracy  :  a  complete  section  being  ob- 
tained on  every  line,  and  thus  furnishing  iM  that  was 
uet:ded  to  make  a  true,  cof:)pi>'te,  Miid  minute  exhibit  of 
the  top(.»graphy  of  the  country.  In  another  and  more 
scieiili(ie  point  oi'  vi<.'\v,  the  usi,-  of  this  instrument  be- 
comes high]}-  impM)rlant,  from  the  means  it  atfords  of 
ascertaining  the  tiai'  dip  and  ihickn-.'ss  of  rocks;  data, 
the  importance  of  wliieli  an.'  ap})r!  cialed  not  merely  by 
the  man  of  scienct..',  but,  as  is  well  known,  in  the  prac- 
tical operations,  more  especially  of  the  luiner  and  en- 
gineer. 

Ilmaybe  allowed  me,  furtlier,  to  allude  to  i!«at  com- 
mendable Zi'al  and  iid^lity  which  has  lieen  exhibited  by 
all  those  who  have  hern  a>sociated  with  Dr.  IToughton, 
as  his  aids,  during  those  surveys,  in  furtliering  the  plans 


f 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


123 


maikcd  out  by  him,  and  by  tiioir  numorous  and  close 
observations,  assisting  to  pGrfect  the  knowledge  of  the 
geology  of  that  interesting  region. 

BELA  HUBBARD, 


1 


STANARD-S     ROCK, 

Was  discovered  by  Capt.  Charles  C.  Stanard,  at  four 
o'clock,  [\   M.  August  20,  18:^5. 

"  Tiie  course  to  this  rock  from  the  cast  end  or  point 
of  Matiitou  Island,  is  tv/enty-soven  miles  S.  E.  half  E., 
and  from  I*oint  Abbaye,  forly-five  miles  E.  by  N.  o-lN., 
lat.  47^  8'  north,  long.  87 '^'^  24'  west  from    Greenwich. 

"On  l)oth  of  my  visits  to  the  rock,  the  sea  wa*  too 
rough  to  allow  me  to  land  on  it,  but  from  the  mast  head 
of  the  vessel,  it  appeared  to  be  about  twelve  or  thirteen 
feet  long,  by  five  or  six  feet  broad,  and  rising  above 
the  surface  alxiut  three  feet.  C)n  the  south,  southeast, 
east  and  northeast  sides,  the  water  is  deej).  On  the 
west,  southwest,  and  northwest  si<Ies,  the  water  is  quite 
shoal  fur  some  distance  out  ;  and  from  the  rijck  about 
N.  N.  W.  runs  a  reef  to  the  distance  of  about  eighty  or 
ninety  rods. 

*'The  composition  of  the  rock  is  the  same  as  the  trap 
of  Point  Keew'Miaw,  This  I  learned  from  Mr.  IMeri- 
denhall.  I  also  saw  a  piece  of  the  rock  l)rought  away 
by  on(w^f  the  sailors  of  the  Algoncjuin. — Capl.  B.  A. 
iSUmard, 


cw.-.«i.M>jisaiWiihaN^ii«'^«  < 


■a..-  iiMiii'  iMiiillglira 


GLOSSARY. 


INCLUDING  THE  TECHNICAL  TERMS  USED  IN     THIS  WOIllv, 


' 


I' 


Alluvion  or  Alluvium.  Recent  dopositcs  of  earth, 
sand,  gravel,  mud,  stones,  peat,  shell  hanks,  shell  marl, 
drift  sand,  &c.,  resulting  from  causes  now  in  action. — 
This  term  is  generally  applied  to  those  deposites  in 
which  water  is  the  principal  agent. 

Amorphous.     Bodies  devoid  of  regular  form. 

Amygdaloid.  A  trap  rock  which  is  porous  and  spon- 
gy, with  rounded  cavities  scattered  throughout  its  mass. 
Agates  and  simple  minerals  are  often  contained  in  these 
cavities. 

Anticlinal.  An  anticlinal  ridge  or  axis  is  where  the 
strata  along  a  line  dip  contrariwise,  like  the  sides  of 
the  roof  of  a  house. 

Arenaceous.     Sandy. 

Argillaceous.     Clayey. 

Augitc.  A  simple  mineral  of  variahle  color,  from 
black  through  green  and  gray  to  white.  It  is  a  constitu- 
ent of  many  volcanic  and  trappean  rocks,  and  is  also 
found  in  some  of  the  granitic  rocks. 

Basalt.  One  of  the  common  tnip  rocks.  It  is  com- 
posed of  augite  and  feldspar,  is  hard,  compact,  and 
dark  green  or  black,  and  has  often  a  regular  columnar 
form.  The  Palisades  of  the  Hudson  show  the  columnar 
aspect  of  trap  rocks.  The  gi:int's  causeway  is  cited  as 
an  example  of  basaltic  rocks,  and  the  columnar  structure 
is  there  very  strikingly  displayed. 

Blende.  Sulphate  of  zinc.  A  common  shining 
zinc  ore. 


.  'f 


[ 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


125 


Bluffs.  High  banks  of  earth  or  rock  witli  a  steep 
front.  The  term  is  generally  applied  to  high  banks  for- 
ming the  boundaries  of  a  river  or  river  alkivions. 

13 ng  Iron  Ore,  or  Ochre.  A  variety  of  ore  of  iron 
which  has  been  deposited  by  water.     Chiefly  in  low,  wet 

ground. 

BotryoidaJ.     Resembling  a  bunch  of  grapes  in  form. 

Boulders.  Erraclic  group.  Los/,  rocks.  Rocks 
which  have  been  transported  from  a  distance,  and  more 
or  less  rounded  by  the  attrition  or  the  action  of  the 
weather.  They  lie  upon  the  surface  or  loose  in  the 
soil,  and  generally  differ  from  the  underlaying  rock  in 
the  neighborhood. 

Breccia.  A  rock  composed  of  angular  fragments 
cemented  together  by  lime  and  other  substances. 

Calcareous  rocks.      A  term  synonymous    with  li'^e- 

stone. 

Calcareous  spar.     Crystalized  carbonate  of  lime. 
Carbonates.     Chemical  compounds    containing  car- 
bonic acid,   which  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  carbon. 
Cheri.     A  siliceous  mineral,  approaching  to  chalce- 
dony, flint  and  hornstone.       It  is  usually  found  in  lime- 
stone. 

Chlorite.  A  soft  green  scaly  mineral,  slightly  unc- 
tions. 

Chlorite  slate.     Slate  containing  chlorite. 
Clinkstone.       A  slaty   feldspathic  or    basaltic    rock, 
which  is  sonorous  when  struck. 

Cleavage.  The  separation  ol'  the  laminie  of  rocks 
and  minerals  in  certain  constant  directions.  They  are 
not  always  parallel  to  the  planes  of  stratiflcation,  but 
are  often  mistaken  for  them. 


i 


'ml 


I 


I 


'f  r 


I 


lli 


126 


MINK  HAL    II  KG  ION 


Conformable.  Wlicn  strata  arc  arranged  parallel 
with  each  other,  like  the  leaves  of  a  hook,  they  are  said 
to  be  conformable.  Other  strata  lying  across  the  edges 
of  these  may  be  confennnble  among  themselves,  but  un- 
conformable  to  the  (irst  set  of  strata. 

Conglomerate,  Crag  or  PviULrngstone.  Rocks  com- 
posed of  rounded  masses,  pebbles  and  gravel  cemented 
together  by  a  siliceous,  calcareous,  o"  argillaceous  ce- 
ment. 

Cross  course.  A  lode  interscctino-  a  vein  at  any 
angle,  and  generally  throwing  the  vein  out  of  its  course. 

Cross.      The  best  ore. 

CJirushinfr.     Grindii;;!^  ores  without  water. 

Cunform.      Wedg\'3   sbaj)ed. 

Cross-cuf.  A  method  of  discovering  lodes  by  sink- 
ing pits  in  their  vicinity,  aiul  driving  transversely  to 
their  supposed  direction. 

Crop  out  and  out  crop.  Terms  employed  by  geolo- 
gists and  mining  engineers,  to  express  the  emergence 
of  rock,  in  place,  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  at  the  local- 
ity where  it  is  said  to  crop  out. 

Cryst aline.  An  ass(Mnblage  of  imperfectly  deiincd 
crystals,  like  loaf  sugar  and  common  white  niarble. 

Dykes.  A  kind  of  vein  intersecting  the  strata,  and 
usually  fdled  with  some  unsti'atilied  igneous  rock,  such 
as  granite,  trap  or  lava.  'i  hese  matei'ials  are  suj)poscd 
to  have  been  injected  in  a  melted  state  into  great  rents 
or  fissures  in  the  racks. 

Diiiirinm  or  Dihwion.  Deposites  of  boulders,  peb- 
bles and  gravel,  which  many  geologists  have  supposed 
were  produced  by  a  diluvial  wave  or  deluge  sweeping 
over  the  surface  of  the  earth. 


'^i. 


OF    LAKB    SI  TERIOR. 


vn 


pcb- 


Uip.  Where  striita  rira  not  horizontal,  tho  direction 
in  which  their  ))lan;'s  sink  or  [)lungo,  is  calltjd  tho  direc- 
tion of  the  dip,  and  the  angle  of  inclination,  the  angle 
v)r  di[). 

DoIomUe.  A  mngncsian  limestone  belonging  to  the 
primary  class.  It  is  usually  granular  in  its  structure, 
and  of  a  friable  texture. 

Drift.  A  liorizontal  excavation  in  any  direction  un- 
der ground,  for  ore,  ventilation  <kc. 

Dead  ground,  '.riie  portion  of  lode  in  \vhich  the  ore 
)H  dead  or  valueless. 

Deen.     The  end  of  a  level  or  cross  cut. 
Dro-ppcr.       A  branch  where  it  leaves  the  main  lode. 
Driving.     Digging  horizontally. 
Emhouchvrr.     From  ihe  French,    signifying   mouth 
or  entrance,  (of  a  river.) 

Esluarics.  Inlets  of  sea  into  the  land.  The  tides 
and  fresh  water  streams  mingle  and  flow  into  them. — 
They  include  not  only  the  portion  of  llie  sea  adjacent  to 
the  mouths  of  rivers,  but  extend  to  the  limit  of  tide  wa- 
ter on  these  streams. 

Fai](f      A  niche  in  the  side  of  an  adit  or  fchaft  for  an 

■        o  ■ 

jiii'  course. 

Feeder.     A  branch  where  it  falls  into  a  lode. 

Fmilt.  A  dislocation  of  strata,  at  which  the  layers 
on  one  side  of  a  dyke  or  fissure  have  slid  i)ast  the  cor- 
responding ones  on  the  other.  These  dislocations  are 
often  accompanied  by  a  dyke.  They  vary  from  a  few 
lines  to  several  hundred  feet. 

Feldspar.  One  of  the  simple  ndnerals,  and  next  to 
quartz,  one  of  the  most  abundant  in  nature. 

Ferruginous.     Containing  iron. 


m\ 


m\ 


M 


:y«?-3^=  ■  a««Kse»^  SR!* 


if 


I 


lili 


128 

Galena. 
phur. 

Garnet. 
crystalizcd. 

Gneiss. 


MINERAL    RE(JION 


An  ore  of  lead  com|30sGd  of  lead  and  sui- 


A  simple  mineral  which  is  usually  red  and 
It  is  abundant  in  most  primitive  rocks- 
A  stratified  primary  rock,  composed  of  the 
same  materials  as  granite,    but   the  mica  is   distributed 
in  parallel  layers,  which  will  give  it  a  striped  aspect. 

Geode.  Geodiferous.  Geodes  are  small  cavities  in 
rocks  generally  lined  whh  quartzose  or  calcareous  crys- 
tals. 

Economical  Geology  refers  to  the  applications  of 
Geological  facts  and  observations  to  the  useful  purposes 
of  civilized  life. 

Granite.     An  unstratified  rock,   composed  gencrall\ 
of  quartz,  felpspar  and  mica,    and    it   is    usually   asso- 
ciated with  the  oldest  of  the  stratified  rocks. 

Graywacke,  Grauwacke.  A  group  of  strata  in 
the  transition  rocks  ;  but  the  term  has  been  so  indefi- 
nitely applied,  that  other  names  will  probably  be  sub- 
stituted. 

Greenstone.      A  trap  rock    composed  of  hornblende 

and  feldspar. 

Grit.     A  coarse-grained  sandstone. 

Gad.  A  small,  pointed  wedge,  used  in  the  mine  for 
wedging  off  splits. 

Gossan.  Oxid  of  iron  and  quartz,  generally  occur- 
ing  in  lodes  at  shallow  depths. 

Giilph  of  ore.     A  very  large  deposite  of  ore  in  a  lode. 

Gumnies.     Sands  or  workings. 

Hornblende.  A  mineral  of  a  dark  green  or  black 
color,  and  which  is  a  constituent  pari  of  greenstone. 

Hornstone.  A  siliceous  mineral  approaching  to  flint 
in  its  character. 


■^t 


OV    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


1-20 


sul- 


Horse.     Is  where  a  hard  formation  or  the  wall  rock 
intercepts  a  vein. 

In  situ,  In  place.  In  their  original  position  where 
they  were  formed. 

Lamina'.  The  thin  layers  into  which  strata  arc  divi- 
ded, but  to  which  they  arc   not  always  parallel. 

Line  of  bearing,  is  the  direction  of  the  intersection 
of  the  planes  of  the  strata  with  the  plane  of  tlic  hori- 
zon. 

Linear  survey.     A  plan  of  surveying  adopted  by  the 
United  States  government,  by  which  the  public  lands  are 
divided  into  rectangles,  by  straight  lines. 
Loam,      A  mixture  of  sand  and  clay. 
Lodes.      Cracks  or  fissures  containing  ore. 
Leap.     Is  when  a  vein   disappears   suddenly  by    di- 
minishing in  quality  or  quantity. 

Mametic  Meridian.  A  great  circle  passing  through 
or  by  the  magnetic  poles  of  the  earth  ;  to  which  the 
compass  needle,  if  not  otherwise  hindered,  conforms 
itself.  This  *•  line  of  no  variation,''  is  not  stationary, 
but  shifts  eastward  or  westward  of  the  true  meridian, 
during  a  term  of  years. 

Mural  Escarpment.  A  rocky  clilTwith  a  face  near- 
ly vertical  like  a  wall. 

Mammillary.  A  surface  studded  with  smooth  small 
segments  of  spheres  like  the  swell  of  the  breasts. 

Matrix.  The  mineral  mass  in  which  a  simple  mine- 
ral is  imbeded,  is  called  its  matrix  or gangue. 

Mechanical  origin,  Rocks  of.  Rocks  composed  of 
sand,  pebbles  or  fragments,  are  so  called,  to  distinguish 
them  from  those  of  a  uniform  crystaline  texture,  which 
are  of  chemical  origin. 


mi 


I'M) 


MINK  UAL    RElJIOxN 


'(, 


'•  t 


■  Jl 


M'tamorpkir.  rocks.  Strutiliod  division  of  primary 
rocks,  siicli  as  gneiss,  niicu  tslato,  liornlilcndc  slate, 
quartz  roclv,  c^c,  and  which  may  probably  bo  n^garded 
as  altered  sodimontary  rocks. 

Me/a/Zifcrous.       Containing  metals  or   mctaMic  ores. 

Mica,  A  sinijtle  minora!,  htiving  a  shining  silvery 
surface,  and  capable  of  b'Mng  split  into  very  thin  elastic 
leaves  or  scales.  The  brilliant  scales  in  granite  and 
gneiss  are  mica. 

]\Iicacrous.     In  [)art  composed  of  scales  of  mica. 

Mica  Slate.  One  of  the  stratified  rocks  belonging 
lo  the  primary  class.  [t  is  generally  fissile,  and  is 
chavacteriz(ul  l)y  being  composed  of  mica  and  quartz,  of 
which  the  formr-r  either  predominates,  or  is  deposited  in 
layers,  so  lliat  its  flat  surface  gives  it  the  appearance  of 
predominating. 

Native  Metals.  Those  portions  of  metal  found  in 
nature  in  a  metallic,  or  uncombined  state,  are*  called 
native. 

Neio  Red  Sandstone.  "A  scries  of  sandy  and  argil- 
laceous, and  often  calcareous  strata,  the  prevailing  color 
of  which  is  brick-red,  but  containing  portions  which  arc 
greenish  grey.  These  occur  often  in  spots  and  stripes* 
so  that  the  series  has  sometimes  been  called  tlie  varie- 
gated sandstone.  The  European,  so  called,  lies  in  a 
geological    position  immediately   above    the    coal    mea- 


sures." 


Nodule.      A  rounded,  irregular  shaped  lump  or  mass. 
Ochre.     See  hog  iron. 

Old  Red  Sandstone.     "A  stratified   rock,   belonging 
to  the  carboniferous  group  of  Europe,'' 
OiU-crop.     See  Crop  out. 


fltf 


OK    LAKK    HUrEIUOK. 


lai 


Ox/d.  A  cornl)inatiGn  of  oxygen  with  anotluT  body. 
The  ti.-1'm  is  usually  litiiittHJ  !o  such  coinbiniUions  as  do 
not  prosont  active  acid  or  alkaline  properties. 

Porphyry.  A  term  applied  to  every  species  of  un- 
Htratified  rock,  in  which  (It^tn-dicd  crystaks  of  feldi^par 
are  diflused  through  a  ccjioj :i..ct  base  of  other  niinerul 
composition. 

Primary  rocks.  Those  iOcks  which  lie  below  all 
the  stratified  roi.'ks  and  e.\lul*il  no  marks  of  sedimentary 
origin.  They  contain  no  fos.sils,  and  arc  the  oldest  rocks 
known.  Granite,  hornblende,  quartz  and  some  slatea 
belong  to  this  division. 

Prospecting.     Examining  for  and   partially  opening 
veins  when  discovered. 

Pudding  Slone.     Sec  Conglomerate. 
Pyrites.     A  mineral  composed  of   sulphur  and  iron. 
It  is  usually  of  a  brass  yellow,  brilliant,    often  crystaliz- 
ed,  and  frequently  mistaken  for  gold. 

Qtiarl'-.  A  sitnple  miiieral,  composed  of  silex. — 
Rock  crystal  is  an  exampK?  of  this  mineral. 

jRock.  All  mineral  beds,  whether  of  sand,  clay,  or 
firmlv  aG^prresjated  masses,  are  called  rocks. 

Sandstone.  A  rock  composed  of  aggregated  grains 
of  sand. 

Schist.     Slate. 

Scams.  ''  Thin  layers  which  separarc  strata  of 
greater  magnitude." 

Sedimentary  rocks.  All  those  which  have  been 
formed  bv  their  materials  having  been  thrown  down 
from  a  state  of  suspension  or  solution  in  water. 

Septaria.  Flattened  balls  of  stone,  which  have  been 
more  or  less  cracked  in  diflercnt  directions,  and  cement- 
ed together  by  mineral  matter  which  fdl  the  fissures. 


:;» 


t    ^t 


i:j2 


MINEllAL    RE<;iON 


11^ 


Hi! 


Serpcnline.  A  rock  composed  principally  of  hydra- 
tod  silicate  of  magnesia.      It  is  generally  ixn  unstratified 

rock. 

*S7tfl/6'.      An  indurated    clay,  which  is   very  fissile. 

Shingle.  The  loose  water-worn  gravel  and  pebhlen 
on  shores  and  coast. 

Silex.  The  name  of  one  of  the  pure  earths  which  is 
the  base  of  flint  quartz,  and  most  sands  and  sandstones, 

Sillcious.     Containing  silex. 

Simple  Minerals — Are  composed  of  a  single  mineral 
substance.  Rocks  are  generally  aggregates  of  several 
simple  minerals  cemented  together. 

Shaft.  Is  what  is  usually  called  a  well.  x\ftcr  drift- 
ing has  progressed,  shafts  are  required  as  ventilators, 
to  free  them  from  the  smoke  of  blasts. 

Slate.     A  rock  divided  into  thin  layers. 

Stratification.     An  arrangement  of  rocks  in  strata. 

Strata,     Layers  of  rock  parallel  to  each  other. 

Stratum.     A  layer  of  rocks  ;  one  of  the  strata. 

Strike.  The  direction  in  which  the  edges  of  strata 
crop  out.     It  is  synonymous  with  line  of  hearing. 

Syenite  and  Sienite.  A  granite  rock,  in  which  horn- 
blende replaces  the  mica. 

Synclinal  line,  and  Synclinal  axis.  When  the 
strata  dip  downwards,  in  opposite  directions,  like  the 
sides  of  a  gutter. 

Transition  Rocks.  A  series  of  rocks  which  lie  below 
the  secondary  and  next  above  the  primary,  and  arc  so 
called  because  they  seem  to  have  been  formed  at  a 
period  when  the  earth  was  passing  from  an  uninhabited 
to  a  habitable  condition.  They  contain  numbers  of 
characteristic  fossils. 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


i'6'.\ 


^ 


2\a2J Trafpean  Rods.     Ancient   volcanic    rocks, 

•.omposodof  foldspar,  hornblondo  and  aiigitc.  Basalt, 
rccnstonc,  amygdaloid  and  dolomite,  arc  trap  rocks. 

Tuff  ov  Tvfa.  "An  Italian  namo  for  a  volcanic 
rock  of  an  earthy  texture.  *' 

Unconformahle.     See  conforniablo. 

Veins.  Cracks  and  fissures  in  rocks  filled  with  ston\ 
or  metallic  matter.     Most  of  the  ores  are  obtained  from 

metallic  veins. 

Veinstone.  That  mineral  matter  with  wliich  the  ores 
or  metallic  contents  of  the  veins  are  associated. 

Wall  rock.  The  hard  rock  which  is  almost  univor- 
sullv  found  on  each  side  of  a  vein. 


i' 


'It 


jjawtt«{a3afc»gWWBM't*ft"*'.*iW 


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Ij'I  i 


TJST  OF 


NATIVE  METviLS  AND  OlIES. 


i», 


ABRIDGED    FRON    DANA  S    IVIINERALOrJY. 


f 


PJ 


I.:; 


Native  cnpper.  Color.  Coppcr-rccl.  Ductile  and  mallea- 
ble. Fracture,  hackly.  It  consists  purely  of  co[)por.  ]>e- 
fore  the  blow  pipn  it  fuses  readily  ;  on  cooling  it  is  cov- 
ered with  a  coating  of  black  o.\id.  It  dissolves  readily 
in  nitric  acid. 

Copper  occurs  in  beds  and  veins  aeconipjuiying  its 
various  ores,  and  s(jmotinK\s  associated  with  iion.  It  is 
frequently  fouml  in  loose  niar-scs  inibcddcfl  in  the  soil. 
This  metal  has  been  found  nalive,  ihi'oughout  the  red 
sandstone  region  of  the  llnil(  fl  ^States. 

Th(,'  largest  mass  of  nalivc  cop[)r  ever  known,  is  the 
ont!  they  are  now  taking  out  of  the  Ncin  \\oil;f(i  by  llio 
Coj)per  Falls  C'umpany,  for  which  see  notice  oi'  that 
company. 

B/iic  Copper.  Jjuslrc — resinous,  faint.  ^l/i(ik — 
lead-gray,  shining.  Color — indigo  blue  or  dark(M'. — 
Opacpie.  Sectile.  IJefore  the  I'loWjiipM  it  burns,  b(M^brc 
becoming  red  hot,  with  a  blue  flame,  and  fuses  to  a 
globule,  which  is  strongly  agivated  and  emits  sj)arks  ; 
finally  it  yields  a  button  of  coppfn". 

Argeitt/ferons  co']rj)f'r.  Massive:  impalpable.  Lufifre; 
metallic.  S/reak;  sinning.  Color;  st-el-gray.  Frac 
turc,  subconchoidul.      Seclile.      This  .^pecies  is  of    rare 


occurrence. 


OK    LAKK    S(  PKIlIon. 


1  Sf) 


Copper  nitid\  PissrnrmatrtI,  or  coating  other  cop- 
per ores,  in  shining,  botrvoidul  masses.  Color;  l)la(;lv 
or  brownish  black.  IkToro  tho  blowpijx'  it  is  inrusiblc. 
With  l)orax  it  airoi'ds  a  gi'P(-nish  slag. 

Green  Ma/ac/iilc  or  Green  carhonolc  of  copper, 
Liislre  ;  adamantine,  inclining  to  vitrcons ;  lihrons 
varieties  have  often  a  silky  lustre,  and  olh(!rs  are  (hill 
and  earthy.  Streak;  green,  i)aler  than  the  color. 
Translucent — subtranslucent— opaque.  Fraclure  ;  sub- 
concholdal,  uneven.  Seldom  observed  in  crystals.  IJ<v 
fore  the  blowpipe,  it  decrepitates,  becomes  black,  and 
is  partly  converted  into  a  black  scoria.  With  borax, 
it  fused  easily  to  a  deep  green  globule,  and  ultimately 
atFords  a  bead  of  copper.  Dissolves  with  cfrervesccnce 
in  nitric  acid.  It  usually  accompanies  the  other  ores 
of  copper.  It  is  the  princiijal  ore  that  is  worked  for 
copper  in  the  Wisconsin  mines. 

Vilreous  copper  or  copper  g/ancc.  Lus/rc  ;  metal- 
lic. K^lrcak  and  color;  blackish,  leadgray  ;  often 
tarnished  blue  or  green.  f<ireak  ;  sometimes  shining. 
Fy*«r7/(re' ;  conch'^idal.  Sectile.  In  the  oxidizing  flame 
of  the  blowpipe  it  melts,  gives  out  fumes  oi'  sul[)hur, 
and  emits  glowing  drops  with  a  noise,  coloring  lh(^ 
flame  at  the  same  time  blue.  In  the  reducing  flame  it 
becomes  covered  with  a  coating  and  does  not  melt.  If 
the  sulphur  is  driven  otF,  a  globule  of  copper  remains. 
In  heated  nitric  acid  tho  copp(;r  is  dissolved,  and  the 
solution  assumes  a  green  color  ;  the  sulphur  is  precipi- 
tated. 

Red  copper  ore  or  Tile  ore.  Lustre  ;  adamantine, 
or  sub-metallic — earthy.  Slrenk  ;  several  shades  oi 
brownish  red.      Color  \  red,  of  various  shades,    particu- 


i 


*'l 


m 


n 


i:3t) 


MINERAL    REGION 


Ifirly  cochineal  red,  occasionally  crimson-rod  by  Irans- 
uiitt(ul  li'-lit.  Siibtransparcnl— subtransluccnt.  Frac- 
ture ;  conch.>ida1,  uneven.  Brittle.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe in  the  reducing  flame,  or  charcoal,  affords  a  globule 
of  copper.  Dissolves  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 
Tile  ore  formerly  included  the  earthy  varieties.  These 
usually  present  a  brick-rcd  or  reddish-brown  color,  and 
arc  frequently  mixed    with  oxide  of  iron. 

Copper  Pyrites.      Lustre  ;  metallic.      Streak  ;  green- 
ish black— a  little  shining.      CoJor  ;  brass-yellow— sub- 
joct  to  tarnish.      Opaque.       Fracture  ;  conchoidal  un- 
even.    Rather  Sectile.      Before   the  blowpipe,  on  char- 
coal, it  blackens,  l)ut  becomes  red  on  cooling.     After  a 
continued  heat,  it  fuses  to  a  globule  which  is  magnetic. 
With  borax  it  affords  pure  copper.     Dissolves   in  nitric 
acid,  excepting  the  sulphur,   forming    a   green  solution. 
\  drop  ot  liquid  ammonia  changes  it  to  a  deej)  blue.      Its 
richness  may  in  general  be  judged  of  by  the  color  ;  if  ot 
a  fine  yellow  hue,  and  yielding  readily  to  the    hammer, 
it  mav  be  considered  a  good  ore,    but    if  hard  and  pale- 
yellow,  it  is  assuredly  a    poor  one,   being   mixed   with 
iron  pyrites.     Copper   pyrites    is    readily   distinguished 
from  iron  pyrites,  which  it  somewhat   resembles,   by  its 
inferior  hardness;  it  may  be  cut  by  the  knife,  while  iron 
pyrites  will  strike  fire  with   the    steel.     The    effects    ol 
nitric  acid  are  also   different.       It  dilfers  from    gold    in 
being  brittle,  on  account  of    which  it  cannot  be  cut  oil 
in  slices,  like  the  latter  metal. 

Sulphate  of  copper  or  Blue  vitriol  Lustre;  vitreous. 
ToZor  ;  deep  sky-blue,  of  ditFerent  shades.  Sub-tran- 
sparent-translucent.  Taste  ;  metallic  and  nauseous. 
Somewhat  brittle.       It  is  soluble  in  water.       A  pohshcii 


I 


>■,_ 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


137 


trans- 
Frac- 
blovv- 
;lobulc 
:  acid. 
These 
iV,  and 

grcen- 
— sub- 
lal  im- 
n  char- 
\fter  a 
gnctic. 
1  nitric 
ilutioii. 
iC.      Its 
I*  ;  if  of 
imnicr, 
id  palc- 
'd    witli 
guishcd 
,   by  its 
lilc  iron 
"octs    of 
gold    in 
'  cut  off 

ritrcouy. 
ub-tran- 

lUSCOUS. 

polislicd 


I 


plate  of  iron  introduced  into  the  solution  becomes  cover- 
r^d  with  copper.  Blue  vitriol  is  found  in  waters  issuing 
from  miner:,  and  in  connection  with  rocks  containing 
copper   pyrites,    by  the  decomposition  of  which  it   is 

formed. 

Sulphuralc  of  cojiper     See  "  Vitreous  copper/^ 

Variegated  copper.  Lustre  ;  metallic.  Streak  ;  pale 
greyish  black,  and  slightly  shining.  Color  ;  between 
copper-red  and  pinchbeck  brown.  Fracture;  small 
conchoidal,  uneven.  Brittle.  It  speedily  tarnishes 
when  exposed.  Before  the  blowpipe  it  blackens,  and 
becomes  red  on  cooling  ;  at  a  higher  temperature  it 
fuses  to  a  globule,  attractable  by  the  magnet.  It  is 
mostly  dissolved  by  nitric  acid.  It  occurs  with  other 
copper  ores  in  primitive  and  secondary  rocks,  This 
species  is  a  valuable  ore  of  copper. 

CrysocoUa  or  Copper  green.      Botryoidal  and  mas- 
sive.      Lustre  ;  vitreous,    shining,    earthy.       Streak ; 
white.      Colcr  ;  emerald  and  pistachio    green,    passing 
into  sky-blue  ;  often  brown  when  impure.    Translucent 
—opaque.       Fracture ;    conchoidal.       Rather    sectilo, 
translucent  varieties  brittle.      Blackens    in   the  interior 
flame  of  the  blowpipe  on    charcoal,  without  melting.— 
With     borax     it    melts     to     a  green  glassy    globule, 
and  is  partly    reduced.     The    same   specimen    of  this 
mineral  often  presents  very  dilTcrent  appearances  at  its 
opposite  parts  ;  being  sometimes  of  an  earthy    appear- 
ance, like  decomposed  feldspar,  in  one  part,   and  trans- 
lucent and  brittle  on  the  opposite,      The  differences  of 
the  several  varieties  arc  owing,   more  or  less  to  im- 
purities. 

10 


'  -'f^' 


136 


MINERAL    REGION 


Emerald  co2)j>er  ore  ov  Diopfase.  Lustre  ;  vitreous, 
inclining  to  resinous.  Streak',  green.  Color',  emerald- 
green  ;  also  blackish-green  and  verdigris-green.  Tran- 
parent— sub-translucent.  Fracture',  conchoidal,  un- 
even. Brittle.  Decrepitates  in  the  blowpipe  flame, 
tinging  it  yellowish-green  ;  in  the  exterior  flame  it  bo- 
comes  black,  and  in  the  interior,  red,  but  does  not  melt. 
It  fuses  with  borax,  giving  it  a  green  color,  and  final- 
ly is  reduced.  Insol  able  in  nitric,  but  soluble  without 
effervescence  in  muriatic  acid.  It  acquires  negative 
electricity  by  friction  when  insulated. 

Gray  copper  ore.     Lustre  ;  metallic.      Streak  ;  some 
times  inclined  to  brown,   but  generally  the  same  as   the 
color.       Color',    between    steel-grey   and    iron-black. 
Opaque.     Fracture  ;  sub-conchoidal,  uneven.      Rathe r 
brittle.     The  coinportment  of  the  diflcrcnt  varieties  be- 
fore the  blowpipe  is  somewhat  various.     They  all  giv( 
off  fumes    of  antimony  and  arsenic,    finally  melt,    am! 
after  roasting,  afford  a  globule  of  copper.       When  pul- 
verized, they  dissolve  with  a  little  residue  in  nitric  acid. 
The  solution  has  a  brownish-green  color.     Fuses  vcr} 
easily  before  the  blowpipe. 

Gold.  7^ji,s7re,-  metallic.  ;SVre«/i:audco/()r  various 
shades  of  gold-yellow,  sometimes  inclining  to  silver 
while.  Opaque.  Is  the  most  ductile  and  malleable  of 
all  metals.  The  ores  of  gold  in  nature  usually  contain 
sil  7  r  in  diiTercnt  proportions.  Copper  is  occasionally 
ti'loyed  with  gold.  Native  gold  occurs  in  veins  and  in 
intersj)ersed  grains  and  lamina-,  and  occasionally  crys- 
tallized in  quartz,  and  is  usually  associated  with  talcose 
rocks.  It  is  often  found  in  the  sands  of  rivers  and 
valleys  where  it  has    been    carried  from    disintegrated 


1 : 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


139 


auriferous  rocks.  It  is  cilso  disseminated  in  grains  or 
thin  leaves  in  various  nctallic  minerals,  particularly  iron 
pyrites. 

Spathic  iron.  Lustre  ;  vitreous — pearly.  Streak  ; 
white.  Color;  ash-grey,  yellowish-grey,  greenish-grey, 
also  hrown  and  brownish-red  ;  sometimes  white. — 
Translucent,  sub-translucent.  Fracture  ;  uneven. — 
Brittle.  In  the  blowpipe  flame  it  blackens,  giving 
off  carbonic  acid,  and  ultimately  an  oxyd  of  iron  is 
obtained,  which  is  attractable  by  the  magnet.  Alone,  it 
is  infusible.  It  colors  borax  green.  It  dissolves  with 
difficulty  in  nitric  acid,  and  scarcely  effervesces,  unless 
previously  pulverized.  Exposure  to  the  atmosphere 
darkens  its  color,  rendering  it  often  of  a  blackish-brown 
or  brownish-red  color.  It  occurs  in  many  of  the  rock 
strata,  in  gneiss,  mica-slute,  grey  wacke,  and  in  connec- 
tion with  coal  formations.  It  is  often  associated  with 
metallic  ores. 

Magnetic  iron  ore.  Lustre  ;  metallic — sub-metallic. 
Streak  ;  black.  Color  ;  iron  black.  Opaque.  Frac- 
ture ;  sub-conchoidal,  shining.  Brittle.  Strongly  at- 
tracted by  the  magnet  and  sometime  possessing  polarit5^ 
Before  the  blowpipe  it  becomes  brow^n,  and  loses  its  in- 
fluence on  the  magnet,  but  does  not  fuse.  With  borax 
in  the  oxydizing  flame,  it  fuses  to  a  dull-red  glass,  which 
becomes  clear  on  cooling,  and  often  assumes  a  yelloNv 
tint ;  in  the  reducing  flame  it  becomes  bottle-green. — 
Dissolves  in  heated  muriatic  acid,  but  not  in  nitric  acid. 
PJagnetic  iron  ore  occurs  in  beds  in  primitive  rocks, 
generally  in  gneiss  or  syenite,  also  in  beds  and  isolated 
crystals  in  clayslate,  hornblende  and  chlorite  slates,  green- 
stone and  occasionall  vin  limestone.  No  ore  of  iron  is  more 


I 


F 


140 


MINERAL    REGION 


gonorally  diffused  than  the  magnetic,  and  none  superior 
for  th:.  manufacture  of  iron.  It  is  easily  distinguished 
by  its  being  attracted  readily  by  the  magnet,  and  also  by 
means  of  the  binck  color  of  its  streak,  or  powder,  which 
is  some  shade  of  red  or  brown  in  specular  iron  and 
brown  iron  ore.  The  ore  when  pulv(U-izod  may  be  sepa- 
rated from  earthy  imp'uritiesby  means  of  a  magnet,  and 
machines  are  in  use  in  many  parts  of  northern  New 
York  for  cleaning  the  ore  on  a  large  scale. 

Specular  iron.     Lustre;    metallic   and  occasionally 
Splendent— massive  varieties  sometimes  earthy.   Slreak; 
cherry-red  or  reddish-brown.      Color  ;  dark   stoebgray 
or    iron-black  ;    impure   varieties   red    and   unmetallic. 
Opaque,  except  when  in  very  thin    lamin-.e,    which   arc 
faintlv  translucent  and  of  a  blood-red  tinge.      Fracture; 
sub-conchoidal,  uneven.    Sometimes  it  is  slightly  attract- 
able by  the  magnet  ;  the  volcanic  varieties  occasionally 
exhibit  polarity.      Infusible,  alone,  before  the  blowpipe  ; 
with  borax   it  forms  a   green  or   yellowish  glass.     Dis- 
solves  in  heated  muriatic  acid.       This    species  includes 
the  old  species,  specular  iron  and  red  iron  ore,  which  are 
identical  in  chemical  con^^osition,  and  dltKu-  only  in  the 
state  of  aggregation  of  the    particles.       Specular   iron 
includes  specimens  of   a  porfect,   m.'tallic    lustre;   il^the 
structure  is  micaceous,  it  is  called  micacenvt;  iron.     The 
varieties    of     a     sub-metallic    or    non-metallic     lustre, 
were  included  under  the  name  of  red    hematite,  fibrous 
m/ /mi,-  or  if  soft  and  earthy,    red    ochre,    and  when 
con^sting  of  slightly  coherent  scales,   scaly  red  iron  or 
red  iron  froth.       Under  this  species  must  also  be  inclu- 
ded the  different  clay  or  argillaceous-iron  ores,  many  of 
which  contain  but  small  portions  of  iron  ;  reddle  or  red 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


141 


chalk,    Ihc  common  drawing   material,  which   has  an 
oarthy  appearance  and  a  flat    conchoidal  fracture  ;  col- 
umnar and  lentH-ular    nr^iJIaceoiis  iroru    distinguished 
by  a  columnar   or  flat    granular    struclurc.^      Specular 
iron  occurs  commonly  in  primitive  rocks.     The  argiUa- 
crous  ores  form  beds  in  secondary  rocks.     These  vane- 
ties  especially  the  specular,    require  a  greater  degree  of 
heat  to  smelt  than  other  ores,  hut  the  iron  obtained  is  ol 

a  good  quality. 

Iron  Pyrites.     Lusfre;  metallic— splendent— glisten- 
ing.    S/reak  ;  brownish-black.       Color.  ;  a  cliaracter- 
istic  bronzo-yellow,  nearly  uniform.       Oi)aque.      Frac- 
ture  ;  conchoidal,  uneven.      Brittle.       Strikes  fire  with 
steel.     It  becomes  red  in    the  oxydating    Hamc    of  the 
blowpipe,  and  gives  olf  fumes  of  sulphur  ;  ultimately, 
there  is  obtained  a  globule  of  oxyd  of  iron  which  is  at- 
tractable by  the  magnet.       It  is    soluble  in  nitric    acid, 
except  a  white  residue.     Some  varieties  are  very  liable 
to  decomposition  on   exposure  to  the  atmosphere.     Iron 
pyrites  occurs  abundantly  in  rocks  of  all  ages,  from  the 
oldest  primitive  to  the   most  recent   alluvial   deposites. 
This  species  is  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  arts,  as  it 
affords  the  greater  part  of  the  sulphate  of  iron  and  sul- 
phuric  acid  of  commerce,   and   also  a  considerable  por- 
tion of   sulphur  and  alum. 

Man<ram:c.  Lustre  ;  suh-mctixWic.  Streak;  red- 
dish-brown, sometimes  nearly  black.  Color;  dark 
steel-black,  iron-black.  Opaque;  minute  splinters 
cleared  off  sometimes  exhibit  a  brown  color  by  trans- 
mhted  light,  when  exposed  to  the  direct  light  of  the  sun. 
Fracture  ;  uneven.  Before  the  blowpipe  alone  it  is  in- 
fusible ;  with  borax  it  yields  a  violet-blue   globule.     In- 


i 


f  'I 


li 


142 


MINERAL    REGION 


soluble  in  nitric  acid  ;  in  muriatic  acid  it  gives  off  chlo- 
rine and  dissolves  without  a  residue.  It  occurs  in  veins 
traversing  porphyry,  associated  with  calcareous  spar 
and  heavy  spar. 

Black  manganese,  t  .e;  sub-metallic.  Streaky 
chesnut-brown.  Colo?'  :  brownish-black.  Opaque. 
Fracture;  uneven.  In  the  oxydating  flame  of  the 
blowpipe  it  affords  an  amethystine  globule.  Dissolves 
^n  heated  muriatic  acid,  with  the  odor  of  chlorine. 

Cuprous  manganese.  Massive  in  small  renifonn 
and  botryoidal  groups.  Lustre  :  resinous.  Streak 
and  color  ;  bluish-black.  Opaque.  Before  the  blow- 
pipe it  becomes  brown,  but  does  not  fuse  ;  to  borax  and 
salt  of  phosphorus  it  communicates  amethystine  and 
green  colors,  and  the  other  characteristic  indications  of 
copper  andmanganese. 

Antimonial  sulphurei  of  silver.  Lustre  ;  metallic. 
Color  and  streak  ;  light  steel-grey,  inclining  to  silver 
white,  also  blackish  lead-grcy.  Yields  easily  to  the 
knife,  and  is  rather  britde.  Fracture  /  conchoidal — 
uneven.  Before  the  blowpipe  it  emits  copious  white 
vapors  and  a  slight  sulphureous  odor,  after  which,  a 
white  metallic  globule  remains.  This  species  occurs  at 
several  localities  on  Lake  Superior. 

Native  silver.  Lustre;  metallic.  Streak;  shining 
metallic.  Color  ;  silver-white  ;  subject  to  tarnish,  by 
which  the  color  becomes  greyish-black.  Ductile.  It 
fuses  readily  in  the  blowpipe  flame,  and  affords  on  cool- 
ing, a  globule,  having  an  angular  crystaline  form  Dis- 
solves in  nitric  acid  and  heated  sulphuric  acid.  Native 
silver  occurs  principally  in  aborescences  and  filiform 
shapes,  in  veins  of  calcareous  spar  or  quartz,  traversing 
the  primitive  rocks. 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


143 


Dark  red  silver  ore.  Lustre  ;  metallic-adamantine. 
Sireak  ;  cochineal-rcd.  Color  ;  black,  sometimes  ap- 
])roaching  cochineal-red.  Translucent— opaque.  Frac- 
ture ;  conchoidal.  Sectile,  yielding  readily  to  the  knife. 
Before  the  blowpipe  it  fuses  and  gives  out  fumes  of  an- 
timony ;  ultimately  a  globule  of  silver  is  obtained.— 
Partially  dissolves  in  heated  nitric  acid.  The  dark  red 
silver  ore  occurs  principally  with  calcareous  spar,  na- 
tive arsenic,  and  galena.  It  is  highly  valuable  as  an 
ore  of  silver.  * 

Light  red  silver  ore.  Lustre;  adamantine.  Sireak; 
cochineal-red,  sometimes  inclining  to  aurora-red.  Color; 
r:ochineal-red.  Sub-transparent  —  sub-translucent. — 
Fracture  ;  conchoidal— uneven.  Before  the  blowpipe 
its  behavior  is  like  the  preceding  species,  except  that 
fumes  of  arsenic  are  emitted.  It  occurs  with  other  ores 
of  silver,  galena,  blende,  pyrites  and  arsenic.  It  is  an 
important  ore  of  silver.  Red  orpiment,  which  it  some- 
times rcsc'-ibles,    differs   from    it  in  having  a  yellow 

streak. 

Carbonate  of  Zinc.     Lustre;  vitreous,  inclining  to 
pearly.    Streak  ;  white.     Color  ;  white,  often  greyish, 
i,n-eenish    brownish-white,  sometimes  green  and  brown. 
Subtransparent— translucent.   Fracttire  ;    uneven— im- 
perfectly conchoidal.  Brittle    .Loses  its  transparency  in 
the  blowpipe  flames,  but  does  not  melt ;  carbonic  acid  is 
driven  off,  and  oxyd  of  zinc  is  obtained  or  passes  off  in 
white  flakes.      Dissolves    with  effervescence    in   nitric 
acid.     It  becomes  negatively  electrified  by   friction.— 
It  is  found  both  in  veins  and  in  beds,  especially  in  com- 
pany with  galena  and  blende  ;  also  with  copper  and  iron. 

Siliceous  oxml   of    Zinc.       Lustre ;    vitreous,    sub- 


144 


MINERAL     REtJiON 


pearly,  sometimes  adamantine.  Streak;  white.  Color: 
white  ;  sometime  blue,  green,  yellow  or  brown.  Tran- 
parent— translucent.  Fracture,  uneven.  Brittle.— 
Assumes  electric  polarity  by  friction  or  heat.  When 
pulverized,  it  dissolves  in  heated  sulphuric  or  muriatic 
acid,  and  the  solution  gelatinizes  on  cooling.  In  the  blow- 
pipe flame,  it  decrepitates,  loses  its  transparency,  intur- 
neces,  and  emits  a  green  phosphorescent  light.  It  is  in- 
fusible alone  ;  but  with  borax  melts  to  a  clear  glass, 
which  becomes  opaque  on  cooling. 


Fr. 


I 
'I'o 

r 
1 


I 


a  i 


OP    LAKK    SUI'KIUOR. 


ii; 


'ran- 

,0.— 

•iiitic 
jIonv- 
ntur- 
is  in- 


(OUSTING  DISTANCES  AKOIiND  LAKE  SI  VEIUOR. 


View  lookinj,'    westward   Aom  ;i  j)oiiit  a  few  niilL>   wc>l  of  Prcsquo  lsl( 


From    Haut    de   Ste 

To  I'oiiite  Aux  Pin.s 

Parisieun  Island, 


Marie 


White  Fir^li  Point,  jl5 

From    i^itiit   de    Slo    Marie; 

'J'o  Point  Iro(iuois,  !14 

Ton(|uamcnon  River,  \\\) 

White  Fi.sli  Point,  jlj 

Two  Hearted  River,  J2-2 

Grand  Marais  Harbor,  '20 

Hurrioaiic  River,  jl:i 

Miners'  River,  17 

Williams'    liandini;'    on  j     1 

(Jrand  Island,  '  11 

Riviere  Anx  Train,  jlU 

Ijaughin<,'  Fish  River,  10 

Chocolate  River,  ilJ 

Riviere  l)u  Mort,  '  G 

Prcsque  Isle  River.  8 

Garlic  River,  8 

Little  iron  River.  9' 

Yellow  Dog  River,  TJ 

Pine  River,  i  6; 

Huron  River.  I  Sj 

Point  Ahhaye,  i  7 

Methodist  Mission,  15 

Catholic  Mission,  5 

From  Point  Abhaye, 

To  Portage  River,  14 

Houth  end  of  Portage,  ,22 


4fc 
7> 

lost 

i2t> 

137 
147 

174 

lyt 
IS^ 
IIH) 
2(!5 
212 

2ie 

226 
23:i 
24^ 
253 

247 

269 


(.^ourso, 

west 
n  w 

n  w  by  w 

west 
vv  by   n 
n  by  e 
W  by  s 

west 

w  by  s 

s  w  by  w 

s  w  by  w 

w  by  s 

\v  n  w 

west 

n  n  w 

n  w 

n  w  by  n 

n  n  w 
n  w  by  w 
w  n  w 
w  1-2  n 
n  w  by  vv 
s  w  by  w 
s  w  by  w 

west 
n  n  w 


REMARKS. 

Good  lionding. 

N  and  W  sides  of  island    rockv, 

dangerous   landing.     I'i  and  S 

sides  good  landing, 
tJood  landing. 


Hoat  Harbor. 

(Jood  landing, 

Hoat  Harbor. 

Vessel  Harbor. 

;^and  i)eacli — shoal  water. 

I'ictured  Rocks. 

Vessel  Harbor. 
Boat  Harbor, 


Harbor  for  large  boats, 
(iood  lianding. 


Iloat  Harbor. 
Good  laudini'. 


ii 


Five  feet  on  the  bar. 
Vessels   can   come    within  1  1- 
miles  of  this. 


I 


140 


.-MINERAL    RECJION 


m 


Serosa*  llic  P(iit,ij,'o, 
I'roin  I'oiiil  Abbayc 
'I'll  'I'iMvorsi.'  Island, 
'rolr.uTo  Ri\or, 
l.ittlu  .Moiiiro.il  River, 
('ojipcr  Harbor, 
\;,rcil'"  Ilarhor, 
«;ian(l  .Marais  llarltor, 
liable  llarlior, 
Cut  llarhor, 
V.Alih'  I5iver, 
l*()rtaj.'o, 

Liltlc  Trout  River, 
Elm  River, 
Misery   River, 
Sleeping'  River, 
I'iro  Stocl  River, 
I'lint,     " 
<.)ntoiia<roii     " 
Iron 
Carp 

Montreal        " 
|,a    Poiiite,    (  Madeline 

Island,) 
St.  Louis  River, 

IJv  way  of  north  coast, 

Two  Island  River, 

(Jrand  I'orta-re, 

Eort  U'illiani, 

Thunder  Cape, 

S  VV   end  of  Isle  ^^l.    If,'- 

nace, 
Slate  Island, 
Tie  River, 
Olfcr  Cove, 
Miihii)icoten  River, 
Montreal  River, 
Sandy  Islands, 
(Iros  Cap, 
r.pinto  An\  Pins, 


^r 

If  a 

1i 

^    CO 

~aj 

% 

^fl 

c: 

1 

.70 

Course. 


n  n  w 


REMARIi^. 


I       n  \y       ,l?ad  Land  in;;. 
n  ne  hf  e  Boat  Ilaihor. 
nehvn   (Jood  h.ndinR  a  htlle  l^  the  ca^t, 

u  hy  w 
I      west 
j    w  hy  s    !  Boat 
i    \v  Ity  s 


Vessel  llarhor. 

it 
Vessel       " 


:Jl»l! 
4071 
4:32 


why  s     Boat  '' 

;ws  w  ht  s| 
I  g  w  hf  VV  Good  Landing. 

!  I  i      •>  " 

;  s  w  hy  w 

I        "  ^        !      "  ti 

■   w  hy  s  1  ;; 

s  w  hv  w'Six  feet  over  sand  bar. 
w  Ity  s 

w  hy  s    I 
s  w  hy  w| 


Boat  Harlior. 


^S^^'t'Ei^ht^;;.  over  tho  bar. 


oiri 


75 

477 

nc       ' 

t)5 

4  Pi 

c  n  0     1 

40 

372 

n  c  hy  n 

11 

358, 

e  s  e 

51 

307 

n  e  hy  e 

50 

257 

east 

3P 

219 

ehf3 

:3G 

183 

s  hy  e  hf e 

58 

125 

e  hy  s 

58 

«7| 

s  by  e 

30 

37' 

south 

21 

10 

s  hy  e 

8 

8 

s  e  hy  c 

r.ood  Landing. 
Vessel  harbor. 


Verscl  llarhor. 

Boat  llarhor. 

1 

I  Being   '070  nu1o=<   around 
'     Supe.ior. 


I.aki 


r)  i 


MINING    COMPANIES. 


1 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY— 1200  shared 

Trustees — David  Hcnshaw,  Boston,  Mass.;  Lemuel 
Williams,  do.;  Dc  Garmo  Jones,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Milton 
f'oryett,   Superintendent. 

Lease  No  2,  Eagle  river. 

PITTSBURGH    AND    BOSTON    COPPER  HARBOR 
COMPANY,— GUUO  SHARKS. 

Trustees — Curtis  G  IIusscv  ;  Charles  Avcrv,  Pitts- 
burgh.  Pa.;  Thomas  M.  Howe,  do.;  William  Pcttit  do. ; 
Thomas  Jones,   Boston,    Mass.;  Charles    Scudder,  do. ; 

Leases  Nos.  4,  at  Copper  Harbor,  5  Eagle  river,  and 
0  between  Eagle  river  and  the  Portage.  Richard  Jen- 
nings, Superintendent  of  Lease  No.  5,  David  T.  Hughs, 
Superintendent  of  Lease  No.  4.  On  No.  5  is  the  far- 
famed  "Cliff  Vein"  from  which  have  been  raised  such 
wonderful  quantities  of  native  silver. 

COPPER  FALLS    COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Trustees — Henry  Crocker,  Boston,  Mass.;  Charles 
Henshaw,  do.;  George  L.  Ward,  Chicago,  III.;  Joshua 
Childs,  Superintendent.  J.  Shaply,  financial  and  busi- 
iness  agent. 

Leases  No  9,  between  Eagle  Harbor  and  fciagle 
river.  They  are  now  taking  from  the  vein  on  this  loca- 
tion a  large  mass  of  native  copper.  As  exposed  it 
measures  13  feet  in  length,    10   feet  in  height  and  will 


I? 

i 


mm 


ItU' 


I 


■        ;f  - 


i\^ 


MINFRAL    REGION 


average  about  one  foot  in  thickness.  But  one  extrennty 
iKis  vet  been  found.  The  copixn'  of  this  entire  mass  u 
porfeetly  pure  and  malleable. 

EAGLE  IIARBOri  COMPANY-20()0  sharks. 

7Vi/.s/^c5  —  Samuel    A.    Hastings,    Detroit,    Mich.; 
Samuel  BarstoNV,  do.;  Samuel  Coit,  do.;  Lewis  Mall,  do.; 
David  Fr(;neh,  Superintendent. 
Lease  No,  :i,  at  Hagle  Harbor. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  COMrANY-3000  shares. 
Board  of  Dirrctors—Preshlcnt,  Gurdon  Williams, 
Detroit,  Mich.;  Secretary,  Henry  J.  Buckley,  do.; 
Trea.'fi/m'.  Gurdon  Williams,  ex  ojicio,  do.;  Charles 
Howard,  do.;  Nelson  P.  Stewart,  Pontiac,  Mich.; 
Alfred  Williams,  do.;  Horace  C.  Thurber,  do.;  Charles 
C.  Hascall,  Flint,  Mich.;  Thomas  Richmond,  Cleveland. 
Ohio  ;  John  Bacon,  Superintendent. 

No   7,   Eagle  river.     The    officers  of  this  company 
are  elected  annually,  on  the  second  Monday  in  October. 

BOFIEMIAN  COMPANY— 2500  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees-^President,  Ramsay  Crooks, 
New  York  ;  Edward  Curtis,  do.;  William  B.  Maclay, 
do.;  Zephaniah  Piatt,  do.;  .lohn  Owen,  Detroit,  Mich.: 
Simon  Mandlebaum,  Superintendent. 

Lease  No.  3.5,  on  Little  Montreal  river,   Pomt  Kee- 

wenaw.        ^^^^gr^Qj^  cOMPANY-,3200 shares. 

TrMS/ef?s— William  Ward,  Boston,  Mass.;  Dr.  Thom- 
as Jones,  do.;  Joab  Bernard,  Baltimore,  Md.;  Joseph  L. 
Hempstead,  Superintendent. 


1 


jnutv 

[ISB  i» 


1,  do.; 


Iliams, 

%    do.; 

'hark-'s 

Mich.; 

shades 

vcland, 

)nipany 
)ctobcr. 


Crooks, 
Maclay, 
,  Mich.: 

nt  Kcp- 


•.  Thom- 
oseph  L. 


OF    LAKE    SIJI'KIIIOH. 


Hit 


No.  ir>,  between  Coppoi*  and  Agalc  llnrljoi'is.  From 
tho"\Vliito  Dog  Vein.-'  on  tliis  location,  llicy  have 
raised  a  hirgo  mass  of  native  copper,  woigliing  abonl 
900  lbs. 

ONTONAGON  COMPANY— '-2000  sh.vuks. 

Trustees— John  IT.  Kinzie,  Chicago,  111.;  George  C. 
Bates,  Detroit,  Micb.;  Cogswell  K.  Oreen,  Niles,  Mich.:, 
Jtdian  Magill,  Superintendent. 

No.  ii8,  on  Ontonagon  river,  Nos.  08,  09,  70,  71, 
7-2  and  71^,  at  the  head  waters  of  Elm  and  Misery  rivers. 
They  are  at  work  on  No.  70. 

ISLE  ROYALE  COxMPANY— 2000  shares 

Truf:lees—\)Y.  Thomas  .Tones,  Boston,  Mass.;  Charles 
Scudder,  do.;  C^eorgo  C.  Bates,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Cyrns 
Mcndcnball,  Superintendent. 

Nos.  10  and  27,  Copper  Harbor.  Nos.  *2B  and  -29, 
Black  river. 

SUPERIOR  COMPANY— 3000  sH\RKs. 

President— Jiimcs  D.  P.  Ogdon,  New  York  City  ; 
Truslees—5ncoh  LeUoy,  do.;  .1.  Townscnd,  do.;  Mr, 
G reen,  S u  pe r i nte nden t. 

Lease  No.  1,  west  of  Copper  Harbor. 

NORTHWEST    COMPANY— 2500  shares. 

Trustees— C\mY\c^  A.  Sccor,  New  York  City;  Doraco 
Greeley,  do.;  E.  B.  Hart,  do.;  D.  D.  Hart,  Superinten- 
dent. 

Lease  No.  222,  on  Point  Keewenaw. 


■  l« 


3  1 


150 


INIINERAL    RE(;I0N 


THE  DOUGLASS  HOUGHTON  COMPANY-5000  shared 
Board  of  Directors— President,  Elon  Favnsworlh. 
Detroit,  Mich.;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Honry  Lcd- 
yard,  do.;  Henry  N.  Walker,  do.;    Charles   G.    Ham- 
mond, do.;  John  R.  Grout,  do. 

Nos.  64,  6.^,  G6,  777,  780,  781,  784  and  785  in  the 
iron  region,  609,  652,  667  and  754  on  Torch  river, 
666  and  733  Point  Keewenaw,  60,  62,  63  and  254  on 
the  Porcupine  mountains,  750,  751,  755,  757,  759  and 
778  on  FJm  river,  and  742,758,  760,  781,  762,764, 
765,  770  and  779  on  Fire  Steel  river. 

NORTHWESTERN    COMPANY    OF    DETROIT. 

3000     SHARES. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Zina  Pitcher,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Israel  Coo,  do.;  Wesley  Truesdall,  do.: 
Samuel  T.  Douglass,  do. 

No.  8,  Eagle   river.  . 

UNITED   STATES    COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors—President  and  Treasurer, 
James  L.  Lyell,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Morgan  Bates,  do.: 
AlansonSheclv,do.;  Managers,  Andrew  Harvie,do.: 
John  Winder,  do.;  Secretary,  W.J.  Baxter,  do.;— 
John  Greenfield,  Agent. 

Nos.  50,  51,  52.  53,  54,  55  and   218,   Ontonagon 

river. 

ALBION  COMPANY— 3500  shares. 

Trustees— S.  Draper,  Jr.  New  York  ;  S.  Jaudon,  do. : 
Chauncey  Bush,  do.;    Secret aryy  0,  Livingston,  do.: 
No.  10,  Point  Kccwcnaw. 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR 


151 


BALTIMORE  COMPANY— 3U00  shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President^  Jonas  IT.  Titu^-, 
Jackson,  Mich.;  Secretary,  Walker  Budington;  Trea- 
surer, Smith  Titus  ;  Andrew  T.  McReynolds,  Detroit. 
Mich.;  John  McReynolds,  do. 

Nos.  133,  134,  135  and  136,  on  Ontonagon  river. 

NEW  YORK  AND  MICHIGAN  COMPANY— 5000  shauks. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Henry  Ledyard, 
Detroit,  Mich.;  Secreiary,  William  A.  Richmond,  do.: 
Treasurer,  Levi  S.  Humphrey,  do.;  Charles  G.  Ham- 
mond, do.;  Lucius  Lyon,  do.; 

Nos.  181,  251,  252,  253  and  775  in  the  iron  region, 
651,  718  and  818  on  Torch  river,  61  Point  Kccwenaw, 
776  Portage  lake,  748,  749,  752  and  753  on  Elm  river. 
769  Fire  Steel  river  and  42  on  the  Porcupine  moun- 
tains. 

GLOBE  COMPANY— 4000  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  A.  H.  Newbould 
Detroit  Mich.;  Treasurer,  James  L.  Lyell,  do.;  Secre- 
lary,  William  F.  Randolph,  do.;  Pierre  Teller,  do.: 
E.  F.  Randolph,  do.;  James  A.  Van  Dyke,  do. 

Nos.  417  and  448,  on  Ontonagon  river.  The  odiccrs 
of  this  company  are  elected  annually, on  the  first  Monda\ 
of   February. 

PENINSULA   COMPANY— 3500  shares. 

Trustees — Henry  Y.  Talmadge,  New  York  ;  Theo- 
philus  Peck,  do.;  James  S.  Hunt,  do.;  Secretary,  C.  II. 
Amcrman. 

Nos.  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16  and  17,  on  tht; 
Ontonagon  river.  The  officers  of  this  Company  arr 
elected  annually,  on  the   iirst   Monday  in  November. 


4 


I 


i     ' 


r 


W  V3 


m 


15-2 


MINERAL    REGION 


FRANKLIN  COMPANY  OF  VERMONT.-5000  shares. 

Incoiuoratedbythj:   Legislature   of   Veumont. 

Capital  $1(H),000. 

Board  of  Directors— PrcsldcnU  Francis  E.  Phelps. 
Dotroit,  Mich.;  i^ecrctary,  WaiTcn  Currier,  Windsor, 
Vt.;  7Vc«5Mr(3r,  Israel  Coo,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Joseph  D. 
Hatch,  San-iucl  Peck,  Saut  do  Sto  Mario  ;  John  Watkins, 
Samuel  Coit,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Nos.  45,  46,  47,  48  and  49,  on  Huron  river. 

GREAT  WESTERN  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY 

2000    SHARES. 

Trw.s/f-e.— William  W.  Johnson,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Nos.  444,  445  and  446,  on  the  Ontonagon  river  — 
The  funds  or  property  of  this  company  are  invested  in 
one  or  three  Trustees. 

MACKLNAC  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY. 

4500     SHARES. 

Trustees— V.-c.mm  Crooks,  New  York;  Michael 
Dousman,  Samuel  Ahbot,  and  Hainuel  K.  Haring, 
Mackinac,  Mich.;  Justin  Rice,  St.   Clair,  Mich. 

Nos.  27,  474,  475,  476  and  477,  on  Black  and 
Presque  Isle  rivers. 

ALGONQUIN  COMl^ANY  OF  DiyPROIT-UOOO  shares. 

Board  of  Trusfees— President,  Jesiah  R.  Dorr, 
[)etroit.  Mich.;  Secret arii,  Tfixmcl  P.  Bushnell;  Trea- 
surer, Beniamin  L.  Webl.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Curtis  Em- 
orson,  anrl' Michael  E.  Van  Buren,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Levi 
Allen.  ButTalo,  N.  Y.;  Charles  Wliittlesey,  Cleveland 
Ohio. 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


153 


VRES. 


•helps, 
indsor, 
eph  D. 
atkins> 


[PANY 


•ivor  — 
3Ste(i  in 


NY. 

Michae! 
Ha  ring, 

ick   and 

-.HARES, 

[.  Dorr, 
1;  Trcn- 
•tis  Em- 
•,h.;  Levi 
'leveland 


Nos.  G55,  656,  657  and  658,  on  Sleeping  river.  The 
officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on  the 
second  Monday  of  July. 

BOSTON,    NEW    YORK    AND   LAKE    SUPERIOR 
COMPANY— 3000   shaufs. 

Board  of  Trustees — rrasident,  Charles  Noble, 
Monron,  Mich.;  Secretary  Bciijamin  F.  Fifield,  do.; 
Treasurer,  Daniel  S.  Bacon,  Dan  B.  Miller,  do. 

Nos.  44  and  411,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

MANHATTAN   COMPANY— 3500  sharks. 

President,  E.Smith  Lee,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Secretary, 
Daniel  Dunning  ;  Treasurer,  Theodore  Williams,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Trustees,  Oliver  M.  Hyde,  Thomas 
Palmer,  Benjamin  F.  H.  Witherell,  and  Pvichard  J. 
Conner,  Detroit,   Mich. 

Nos.  :581,  ^82  and  J^S:^,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 
The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on 
the  first  Monday  of  September. 

PORC'JPINE  MOUNTAIN  COMPANY— 3000  shares 

President,  Benjamin  F.  U.  Wilhorel,  Detroit  Mich.; 
Secretary,  Samuel  G.  Watson,  do.;  Treasurer,  Israel 
Coo,  do.;  Trustees,  Thomas  Palmer,  Oliver  M.  Hyde, 
Aiphous  S.  Williams,  and  Mason  Palmer,  Detroit, 
Mich-;  Henry  Stanley;  Arunna  W.  Hyde,  Detroit, 
Mich. 

No.  412,  on  the  Porcu[)ine  mountains. 

OLD  SRTTLERS'   COMPANY— 4000  saares. 

Boardof  Directors— President,  John  R.   Williams, 

11 


8     if 


n 


'1 


(If 


;  it 


r 


154 


MiNKRAL    REGION 


V  ■ 


I 


i 
V 


Detroit,  Mich.;  Secretary,  Charles  Peltier,  do.;  Trea- 
surer, James  Abbot,  do.;  James  A.  Van  Dyke,  Peter 
Dcsnoyers,  Francis  Cicottc,  and  Phihp  Aspinall,  do.; 
Frederick    S.    Liitlejohn,    Cleveland,    Ohio.;    John  B. 

Waring,  do. 

Nos.  346  and  347,  on  Misery  river,  350,  351  and  354, 
on  Iron  river,  349,  352  and  353,  on  Carp  river.  The 
officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on  the 
second  Monday  of  October. 

HAY'S  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors,— President,  .Tohu  Hays,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.;  Vice  President  and  Secretary,  Andrew  1\ 
McRcynolds;  Treasurer,  Jobn  McRoynolds;  Dr.  Thom- 
as B.  Clark,  and  John  II.  Sinclair,  Detroit,  Mich. 

The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually,  on 
the  second  JMonday  of  October, 

JACKSON  COMPANY— 3100  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Abram  Y.  Berry  ; 
Secretary,  Frederick  W.  Kirtland  ;  Treasurer,  Philo 
M.  Everett  ;  George  W.  Carr,  and  William  A.  Ernst, 
Jackson,   Mich.; 

The  otTicers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually,  on 
the  first  Tuesday  in  June. 

NEW  ENGLAND  AND  MICHIGAN  COMPANY. 

3000   SHARKS. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  David  A.  Noble  ; 
Secretary,  Stcpben  G  Clark  ;  Treasurer,  Horace  L. 
Skinner;  James  Darrah,  and  Walter  P.  Clark,  Monroe, 
Mich. 

Nos.  246,  247,  248  and  249,  on  Portage  Lake. 


■^r^hi 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


MINERAL  CREEK  COMPANY— 5000  shares. 


15.5 


Board  of  Tnisl ces— President,  Isaac  K.  Crary  ; 
Secreiary,  Gooigo  C.  Gibbs  ;  Treasurer,  Digby  V. 
Boll  :  JarvJs  Hard,  and  Gcorgo  Ketchum,  Marshall, 
Mich. 

Nos.  357  and  358,  on  the  Porciipino  mountains. 

LAKE  SHORE  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Trus/ees—Xiuon  Clark,  S.  W.  Anderson,  Nathaniel 
Weed,  A.  B.  Hays,  and  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  New 
York  city. 

Location  No.  2,  between  Eagle  river  and  the  Portage. 

STE  MARIE  FALLS  COMPANY— 4500  shares. 

Trustees — Samuel  Ashman,  Saut  de  Ste  Mario  ; 
Peter  B.  Barboau,  do.;  Stephen  R.  Wood,  do.;  .lohn  P. 
Richardson,  do.;  Pliiletiis  A.  Church,  do. 

Tiiis  company  has  secured  lour  islands  in  the  falls  of 
Riviere  do  Sti.'  Marie,,  as  desirable,  "locations"  for 
erecting  stam[)ing  mills,  &c.,  and  it  is  tl)'"ir  humble 
opinion  that,  at  these  points,  sufiicient  water  j)o\ver  may 
be  obtained  tor  pi'oprdjing  a  large  amount  of  machinery. 

FORSYTH   COMPANY— 3000  SiiAUKs. 

Trustees — John   A.  Kennedy,  CIr.irles  A.  Secor,  and 
William  F.  Schmidt,  New  York  city. 
No.  3()U,  on  Point  Keewcnaw. 

SILVER  AND  COPPER  COxMPANY  OF  ONTONAGON 

KAPIDS— t>r>00  SHARKS. 

Trustees — .T.    L.    Graham,    .T.   L.   O'Sullivan,  New 
York  city,  A.  W.  Cleason,  do. 


#' 


.1  I 


i 


156 


MINERAL    REGION 


Lcaso  No.  36,  on  Ontonagon  river  and  two  others  on 
Iron  river. 

CHIPPEWA  COMPANY— 1100  shauks. 

Tnis^^es— Edward  Curtis,  Now  York  city  ;  Joseph 
Bell,  and  Francis  CrowningshicUI,  Boston,  Mass. 

Locations  423  to  432  inclusive  on  Black  river,  534, 
535,  and  628  Ontonagon  river,  20U,  202,  203,  322, 
323  and  324,  Keewcnaw  Point. 

CHARTER  OAK  COMPANY— 5000  shares, 

Trustees— EW-^h'^  Tyler,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Silas  H. 
Holmes,  do.;  Jacob  M.  Howard,  do.;  Elisha  Tyler, 
General  Agent. 

FRANKLIN  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON— 3000  sharks, 

J'J.^^sl(,rs—S.  F.  Coolidgo,  Samuel  Hunt,  T.  J.  Lob- 
den,  Boston,  Mass. 

NoH.  18a,  187,    183  and  292,    on  Carp   river,    near 

Chocolate  river. 

ALGONQUIN  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON— 1500  shares. 
Trustees—H.    A.   S.   Dearborn.    John   N.    Barbour, 
Boston.  Mass.;   and  one    other    unknown;     Treasurer, 
John  N.  Barbour.      Ten  locations. 

NEW  ENGLAND  COMPANY— 5000  shares, 
Triisfrrs—E.  A.    Raymond,    Boston,  Mass.;    David 
Kimball,  do.;  E.  W.  Stone,   do,;  Clement    Willis,    do.; 
John  Rayner,  do.;  J.    B.   Smith,    do.;    Groige   Wheel- 
right,  do.;      Frederick    Libbey,    Superintendent. 

'Nos.  381,  385,  :';8(>.  387,    388,  3^9,  390,  391,    392, 
395,  390,  397,  and  415,  on  Point  Keewenaw- 


^!t 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


157 


1^92, 


ST,  CROIX    COMPANY: 

Tivistocs— Riifus  Choatc,  Roston,  Mass.;  Robert 
Rantoul,  Jr.  (lo.i   Caleb  Gushing.  Ncwburyport,    INIass. 

One  location,  on  St.  Croix  river,  and  several  on  Lako 
Superior. 

C.MIP  RIVER  COMPANY  OF  BOSTON— 051)0  shares, 

Board    of   Trustees— President,    Charles    ITenshaw, 
Boston,  Mass.;  Treasurer,  Joseph  M.  Brown,  do.;  John 
T.  Heard,  do. 
NORTHWESTERN  COMPANY  OF  FLINT— 3000  shares. 

President  — !'v.  1).  Lamond,  Flint,  Mich.;  Secretary, 
Felix  B.  lliggins,  do.;  Treasurer,  Giant  Decker,  do.; 
Trustees,  K.  Vandeventer,  do.;   A.  T.  Crosby,  do. 

Nos.  :m,  312,  313,  314,  31.5,  310,  317,  318  and 
319,  on  Portage  Lake,  326,  327,  328,  320,  330  and 
331,  on  the  Purcupine  mountains,    and  three  others. 

CARP    RIVER    GOLD    AND    SILVER  MLNTNG 
COMPANY— .3000   sharks, 

Pre«sident — Michael    Douscman,     Macinac,     Mich.; 
Secretary,  John  Prentiss,  Detioit,    Mich.:  Trustee,  IT. 

T.  Backus,  do. 

Several  locations  on  Carp  river,  near  Chocolate  river. 

MASSACHUSETTS   COMPANY, 

Trustees— William    Freeman,  Boston,    Mass.;    John 
T.  Heard,  do.;  and  one  other  unknown. 

No5.  13  and  14,  on  Point  Keewenaw. 

LAC  LA  BELLE  COMPANY— 2500  shares, 

Trustees— S.  Starkweather.  James  Brooks,  and  Wil- 
liam W.  Campbell,   New  York  city. 

Locations  81,  82  and  83,  on  Lac  La  Belle. 


158 


MINERAL    REGION 


i;i 


M 


AMERICAN  EXPLORING  COMPANY— 501)0  siiarks,— In- 

CORPORATKD      BY     Mi  t.     Lk.GISI.  ATUM  K     OK     VkKMONT CaIMTAL 

{|l()U,()OU— CoMPANv's  Offick  St,  Joiinsuuky,  Vkhmont, 

President— Francis  E.  Plielps,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Secre- 
tary, Horace  Paddock,  St.  Joiinsbury,  Vt.;  Treasur- 
er, Samuel  Coit,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Samuel  Peck,  Saut  do 
Ste  Marie,  agent  lor  Michigan. 

The  funds  and  property  of  tliis  company  are  vested 
111  a  board  of  nine  Directors, 

COLUMBIAN  COMPANY— :]()0{)  shares, 

Board  of  Directors — President,  David  Smart  ;  .John 
Drew,  Theodore  VViiliains,  Selah  Reeve,  and  l-'Jias  .C 
Cromwell,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Florence  Mahoney,  and 
Daniel  C.  Hyde,   Nt.'W  York  city. 

Nos.  132,  on  Onionagou  rivers,  and  398,  899,  400, 
401,  402  and  403  on  Misiiy  river. 

BLACK  RIVER  COMPANY— ^000  sharks,— Incorporateh 

BY    THE    LkGISLATUKK  OF   MARYLAND — CaPI  lAL  $30,000, 

President — John  S.  Smith.  Pjallimore,  Md. 
One  three-mile  location  on  Black  river. 

PITTSBURGH  AND  CHIPPEWA  COMPANY— 3000 shares, 

President — .lames   May,   Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Five  or  six  locations  in  the  vicinity  of  Lac  La  Belle. 

MICHIGAN  COMPAi^Y— 3000  sharks, 

Board  of  Directors — President,  Origen  D.  Richard- 
son ;  Secretary,  Don  C.  Buck  land  ;  Treasurer,  Abra- 
ham B.  Matthews  ;    Gideon  O.  Wliittemore,   Alfred   J. 


OF'    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


150 


Boas,  Ephraim  S.  Williams,  and  Moses  VVianer,   Von- 
tiac,   Mich 

Nos.  2-21,  -^22,  223,  259,  268,  407,  408  and  460,  on 
the  Montreal  river.  The  olVicers  of  this  company  are 
elected  annually,  on  the  first  monday  in  January. 

BOCTON  AND  DB:TR01T    COMPANY--3000  shares, 

Trustees— Charles  Scudder,  Dr.  Thomas  Jones, 
Charles  L.  Kartlett,  and  William  Underwood,  Boston, 
Mass.;  George  C.  Bates,  Detroit,  Mich.;  This  com- 
pany has  three  three-mile  locations  on  Point  Kccwe- 
naw. 

MARSHALL  AND  BOSTON  LAKE   SUPERIOR  COM- 
PANY—5000  SHARES. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Henry  W.  Taylor; 
Secretary,  George  S.  Wright ;  Treasurer,  Charles  T. 
Gorham  ;  Digby  V.  P>ell,  and  Robert  Cross,  Mar- 
shall,   Mich. 

Nos.  217,  on  Carp  river,  near  Chocolate  river,  355, 

on  Iron  river,  464,  Ontonagon  river,  465  and  466,  and 

two  others. 

UNION  COMPANY. 

Trustees— John  J.  Palmer,  Robert  Hyslop,  Ramsay 
Crooks,  and  Daniel  S.  Miller,  New  York  city  ;  Charles 
W.  Borup,  La  Point,  Lake  Superior. 

COPPER  ROCK  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Trustees— Theodore    Olcott,    and    Thaddeus   Joy, 
Albany,  N.  Y.;  Lucius  Tuckerman,  Chicago,  III. 

Nos.  113,  on  Ontonngon  river,  530,  Black  river,  530, 
540  and  541,  on  Tobacco  river.  Point  Keewenaw 


MP'   - 


160 


MINERAL    RKdION 


f.  " 


GREEN  MO[TNTAIN  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COx\l 

PAN  Y— 3500    SHAKES. 

President — A.  S.  Williaiiis  ;  Secretary,  E.  Smith 
Lee  ;  Treasurer,  Alex.  W.  Buel  ;  Trustees,  Oliver  M. 
Hyde,  and  Edward  Doyle,  Detroit,  I\Iieh.;  Ja  iies  K. 
Hyde,  Sudbury,  Vt.;  Edward  Jackson,  Brandon,  Vt. 
Flenry  Stanley,  West  Poultney,  Vt.;  Pitt  W.  Hyde, 
Castieton,  Vt.;  Russell  Gage,  Detroit,  Mich. 

No.  413,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

Keewenaw  Company  of  Boston,  2.500  shares. 

Cuyahoga  Copper  Smelting  Company,  of  Cleveland, 
Incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  Ohio. 

Ohio  Copper  and  Silver  Smelting  Company,  of  Cleve- 
land.    Incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of   Oliio. 

HOPE  COMPANY— 5000  shakks. 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  E.  B.  Bostvviek,  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.;  Secretary,  John  Almy,  Detroit,  Mich.; 
Treasurer,  Wm.  A.  Richmond,  do.;  Benjamin  Merritt, 
New  York  city  ;  A.   N.  Hart,  Lapeer  Mich. 

Nos.  299,  300,  301,  302  and  303,  on  the  Porcupine 
mountains,  near  the  Lake,  and  57,  58  and  304,  on 
Montreal  river,  and  tliree  others. 

iETNA  COMPANY— 3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President,  J.  L.  Whiting,  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Secretary,  William  M.  Snow,  do.;  Trea- 
surer, Samuel  Coit,  do.;  Frederick  Wetmore,  do.;  H. 
D.  Garrison,  do.;  Trustees,  Zina  Pitcher  and  Theodore 
Williams,  Detroit,  Mich. 

No.  546,  on  Sahnon  Trout  river,  and  one  other  on 
Ontonagon  river. 


t 


OP    LAKE    SUPFRIOR  161 

NEW  YORK  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY. 

0500    SHARKS. 

Prosidont— Govt-ncur  KoidIjIo,  Culd  Springs,  N.  Y.; 
Triistoc's,  ilcnry  Morris,  New  Y'oi!;  city;  '  )so|)li  Tuck- 
crmnn,  do.;  G.  V.  Dcnnison,  Albany,  N.  Y  ;  Edward 
Loarnod,  Wutcrvliot,  N.  Y.;  Andrew  Talcott,  General 
Agent. 

Leases  18  and  31,  Point  Keewenaw. 

CYPRUS   RIVER  COMPANY— 5000  suakks. 

President — [lenrv  Morris,  New  York  citv  ;  Trustees, 
Jonathan  J.  Coddington,  do;  Antliony  .J.  Constant,  do.; 
William  Kembic,  do.;  Joseph   Tuekorman,  do. 

Lease  No.  20,  on  Montreal  river.  Locations  27  to  32 
inclusive,  34,  35,  3C,  39,  490  to  498  inclusive,  500  and 
507  on  the  Porcupine  mountains,  550  to  581  inclusive, 
onth(;  Huron  mountains,  and  53G  which  last  covers  tho 
islands  oftrapoflT  Agate  Ma "bor. 

MONTREAL  RIVER  COMPANY— 5000  sharks. 

Trustees — Samuel  Ward,  New  York  city  ;  Augustus 
Belmont,  do.;  James  Phalen,  do.;  Thomas  Dixon,  Bos- 
ton Mass.;  Charles  G.  Hammond,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Leases  19,  22  and  23,  on  Montreal  river. 

PHCENIX   COMPANY   OF   DETROIT— 5000  shares. 

President  and  Treasurer,  ex-officio,  Peter  Desnoyers, 
Detroit,  Mich.;    Secretary,    M.    E.Ames;     Directors, 

Henry    Park,  Pontine    Mich,,;   Bisseli    Detroit, 

Mich.;  Thomas  W.  Bristol,  do. 

Locations  219,  220,  221,  222  and  209  on  Montreal 
river=  The  latter  number  calls  for  the  tract  occupied 
by  No.  259,  and  does  not  appear  on  the  map. 


If    y 


102 


MINERAL    RECilON 


1 


I 


PENSYLVANIA  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT — :l01)0sllAu^;^. 

President  arifl  Tn'asuror,  ox-onicio,  T).  K.  ilarbsuigli. 
IJetroit,  Midi.;  Secretary,  A.  11.  Adams,  do.;  Trustees, 
J.  A.  Armstrong,  do;  Michael  Douseinaii,  Mackinac, 
Mich. 

Locations  .'348,  549,  of)!)  and  H.^l,  l*ortage  Lake. 

PITTSBUIIGU  POIU'AGE  LAKE  COMPANY— 1000  sunt  it. 

Trustees — .Tohn  IImys,  Pittshnrgh.  Pa.;  Harvey  Childs 
Alleghany  City,  Pa.;  .lames  13.  Murray,  do.:  .fnmes 
Robinson  do. 

Location   543  Portage  Lake. 

BUFFALO  COPPER  ML\E  COMPANY— 3000  frakks. 

Trustees— Wahcr   Joy,    BuiTalo,    N.  Y.:    John   L. 
Kimbeiiy,  do. ;  Samuel  T.  Atvvater,  do. 
Location  137,  Point  Kecwenaw. 

ROCHESTER  COMPANY— 3500  SHARES. 

Trustees — A.  Champion,  Rochester,  N.  Y.;  Addison 
Gardiier,  do.;  F.  Whittlesey,  do. 

ATLANTIC   AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY. 

5000     SHARKS, 

Trustt-es — Philip  flor.e,  New  York  city  ;  Pi.  M. 
Blatchford,  do.;  H.  G.  Stcbbins,  do.;  Secretary,  Theo- 
do  re  S.  Draper,  do. 

TRAP  ROCK  RIVER  COMPANY  OF  MOUNT  VERNON, 

3000    SHARLS. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Rollin  C.  Hurd,  Mount 
Vernon,  Ohio.;  Secretary,  Samuel  J.  Updegraph,  do,; 


I 


f 


OV    LAKK    SlJPEllIOU.  UiJ) 

Treasurer,  James  FTiiiitshury,  do.;  Nnllmn  Updegraph, 
flo.;  KlK'nczer  G.  Wooclwaid,  do.;  Johnson  Lliiot,  do,; 
Coliunhus  Delano,  do. 

Loentioii  \V.i(),  Point  K(<('W(uiaw.  The  oflicors  of  tliis 
company  are  elected  annually  on  iIk;  first  Tuesday  of 
March. 

Oino   TRAP    ROCK    SILVER   AND   COPPER    MINING 

COMPANY— -)!  100  .^HAHKs. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Joshua  Hatnia,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.;  Secretary  D.  M.  Eilackstock,  do.;  Treasurer; 

Warick    Martin,    do.; Stephens,    do.;    Leonard 

Hanna,  do. 

Location  'SC>0,  Point  Koevvenaw. 

PfllLADELPlJIA  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY, 

'1000    SHAHKS. 

Trustees— Garrick  Mallory,  Philadelphia;  J.  Wash- 
ington Tyson,  do.;  Bernard   Hoopes,  do. 

Locations  18.  19,  and  '20,  Point  Kecvvenaw,  513,514, 
515,  510  and  518,  Presquc  Isle  river  and  512  and  519, 
Ontonagon  river. 

MINERAL  UNION   COMPANY^— 4000  shares. 

Trustees — Benjamin  H.  Brewster,  Philadelphia ; 
James  Joy,  Jr.  do.;   Alexander  Cummings,  do.; 

Locations  143,  145,  146  and  148,  Misery  river,  76 
and  79  Granite  Point,  and  Sections  22,  26  and  28  'J'.  56 
N.,  R.  33  VV.  between  Eagle  river  and  the  Portage. 

WASHINGTON  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT— 3000  shakes. 

President — Levi  Cook,  Detroit  Mich.;  Secretary, 
Levi  B.  Taft,  do.;  Treasurer,  Henry  Doty,  do.;  Direc- 


U 


i! 


II 


^  n 


wr 


i!  • 


n\ 


if 


164 


MINERAL    REGION 


tors,  Levi  Cook,    D.  Thompson,    H.   D.  Garrison.    D. 
Dunning,  F.  VV.  Lawronco,  Detroit  Midi. 
Location  130  Fire  Steel  river. 

ALLIANCE  COMPANY  OF   LAKE  SLFPERIOR-MOO  shares. 

President — Joseph.  B.  Varnum,   James   Phalen,  Ed- 
ward B.  CentfM-,  New  York  city. 
Lease  17,  Little  Montreal  river. 

GRATIOT   COMPANY— 3000  SHARES. 

President — James  P.  Ogden,  New   York  city  ;  Trus- 
tees, Jacob  LeRoy.  J.  Townsend,  do. 
Lease  11,  Little  Montreal  river. 

PORTAGE  COMPANY    OF  MARSHALL— 4000  shares. 

President— Asa  B.  Cook,  Marshall,  Mich.;  Secretary, 
and  Treasurer,  James  M.  Parsons,  do.;  Trustees, 
Zenas  Tillotson,  Robert  Williamson,  Darins Clark,  do,; 
A.  W.   Spies,  New  York  city. 

Locations— 99,  4G1,  402,  477,  478,  479,  and  oiio 
other  on  Portage  Lake. 

URAL  COMPANY  OF  MlCHIGAN-3500  shares. 

Board  of  Directors—President,  Edward  Lyon,  De- 
troit Mich.;  Secretary,  William  Walker,  do.;  'J^-easurer; 
Israel  Coe,  do.;  William  A.  Richmond,  F.  W.  Law- 
son,  do.;  A  N.  Hart,  Lapeer,  Mich,  E.  B.  Bosiwick, 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  D.  M.  Hinsdale,  Pontiac  Mich.; 
S.  Chamberlain,  do. 

Locations  409,  410,  414   and  459    Ontonagon  river. 

CLINTON  COMPANY  OF  DETROiT-1000  shakes, 

President— Israel    Coe,    Detroit,    Mich.;    Trustees, 


"''^I 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


165 


Henry  Loclyard,  Alfred  A.  Hunter,  Horace  Hallock. 
Silas  M.  IJolmcs,  do.;  Seerctary,  J.  Nicholson  Elbert, 
Detroit,  Mich. 

Lease  32  Little  Montreal  river. 


THE  MlxMNC;  ASSOCIATION   OF  LAKE  SrJl'ERIOR-4CC0 


SHARES, 


Board  of  Trustees — Aljihcus  Sherman,  New  York 
city  ;  P^Iward  Ferris,  P^rcderjck  R.  Lee,  do.;  Samuel  P, 
Brady,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Treasurer,  D.  W.  Townsend, 
New  York  city  ;  Secretary,  Elias  Nexsen,  do.;  Man- 
ager, John  F^avvks,  Keewcnaw  Point,  Lake  Superior. 
E.  H.  Warner,  General  Agent,  New  York  city. 

Locations  22  and  23,  Tobacco  river,  and  four  others. 

PENSYLVANIA   AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR   COMPANY— 20OO  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  D.ivid  R.  Porter^ 
Harrisburgh,  ]*a.;  Secretary,  Alexander  Ramsey,  do.; 
Treasurer,  George  Nagle,  Philadelphia;  Joseph  An- 
thony, Williarnsport,  Pa. 

Lease  41,  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 

ALGOMAH   COMPANY   OF   CLEVELAND-20()O  shares. 

Board  of  Directors — President,  John  Cranglc,  Cleve- 
land, Oiiio;  Treasurer,  John  P.  Warner,  do.;  Secretary, 
Luther  O.  Mathews,  do.;  Richard  Winslow,  Harvey 
Johnson,  do;  Henry  J.  Buckley,  Samuel  A.  Hastings. 
Detroit  Mich. 

Location  261  Montreal  river.  The  officers  of  this 
company  are  elected  annually  on  the  second  Monday  in 
January. 


160 


MINERAL    REGION 


>/•■'} 


ff 


THE  CLEVELAND  COMPANY-3000  siiaues. 

Board    of    Directors— President,     John    W.    Allen 
Cleveland,  Ohio;   Secretary  and    Treasurer,    John  Er' 
win,    do.;    Erastus  F.  Gaylord,   Arthur   Hughes,    do.; 
Michael  Dousenian,  iMackinac,  Mich.; 

DETROIT  COMPANV-3000  shares. 

Board  of  Directors— President,  Oliver  Newherry, 
Detroit,  Mich.;  James  A.  Armstrong,  Edward  Lyon,  doV; 
Treasurer,  Gurdon  Williams,  do.;  Sanford  M.  Green' 
Pontiac,  Mich.;  Secretary,  Henry  J.  Bucklev,  Detroit' 
Mich.  "  ' 

Locations  2.55  and  256  on  the  Porcupine  mountains. 
The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on  the 
first  Monday  of  Januarv. 

PRESaCE  ISLE  COPPER  AND  SILVER  COMPANY  OK  CLEVFl  VNI) 

3()0()   SHARKS. 

Trustees— B.   F.  Smith,  M.  L.   Hcwit,   William  Mil- 
ford,  T.  B.  VV.  Stockton.     P.esident,  fJorace  A.    Ack- 
ley  ;  Secretary,  Robert  T.  Parks  ;     Treas.ner,    S    W 
1  reat. 

Locations  441,  Granite  Point.  The  officers  of  this 
company  are  elected  annually  on  the  first  Monday  of 
June. 

PERUVIAN   COMPANY  OF  DETROiT-40ao  suar... 

Board  of  Trustees-Prec:id(^nt,   Simon    Mandlebaum 
Lake  Superior;  Secretary,  Thomas C.  Sheldon,  Detroit' 
Mich.;  Treasurer,  J.  H.  Morris,  do.;  Curtis    Emerson' 
do.;  A.  JN.  Hart,  Lapeer.  Mich.;  Levi   Bacon,  Pontiac, 
Mich, 


OP    LAKE    SUPKRIOK. 


167 


Allen, 
nlin  Er- 
es,    do.; 


wbcrrvt 

on,  do.; 

Green, 

Detroit, 

:«ntains, 
'  on  the 


ELAND. 

m  Mil- 

.    Ack- 

S.  W . 

01    this 
iday  of 


bniim, 
Detroit, 
orson, 
)ntiac, 


MEDORA   COMPANV_lr,00  sharks. 

Trustees-Auguslus  Belmont,  New  York  city  ;  Sani- 
•ei  Ward,  do.;  Fuhon  Cutting,  do. 
Locations  719  to  727  inclusive,  Portage  Lake. 


<!HrrPE\VA  COMPANY  OF    PITT.SBURGri- 


-10000  SHARES, 


I  res,dcnt-P.McCornHck,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  Secretary, 
ainesl..  Murray,  do.;  Treasurer,  James  May,  do.: 
Managers,  Wilson  McCaulis,  Morgan  Robinson,  ^Harvy 
Lhilds.   George  R.  Wright,  do. 

Locations-90,  91,  92,  1^3,  and  296  Lac  La  Relle, 
104,  283,  284,  404,  405  and  400  Portage  Lake,  and 
Jivc  others  and  three  threc-mik;  h^cations  on  Isle  Royale- 


PENNSYLVANIA  C0M1>ANY  OF  PlTTSBl'RGII- 


-lOUOO  SIIAKKS. 


President— James  R.  Moorchead,  Pittsburgh,  Pa  • 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  James  B.  Muri-ay,  do.;  Man- 
agers,  WiMiam  Robinson,  Jr.,  IJarvey  Childs,  G.  War- 
ner, Tobias  Myers,  do. 

Locations  43  Iron   river,  449  Ontonagon   river,    84 

SO,  108  282,  321  and   378  on    I'ortage   Lake,    and  two 
A>thers. 


EL  DOKAno  rOMPANY   Pr]'TSBUR(.'n-.-,( 


•00    SHARES. 


l'1-esKlent-Tobias  Myors,  Pitlsburgh,  I>a.;  Secretary 
«...!  Treasurer,  C.  M.  I'ain.er,  dc;  Manager,  Nicolas 
V  oogtiy,  do. 

Locations  87,  88,  99,  105,  100,  107,  281,  285  and 
'^09  Portage  Lake,  and  Iwo  others. 


M^^lfff*' 


'.->  ■  f 


I 


t 


168 


MINERAL    REGION 


PORTAGF.  LAKE  AND  COPPER  RIVER  COMPANY-3000  shares. 

President— John    While,   Milwaukic,  W.  T.;  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer,  Charles  Gray,  do. 
Location  4.21,  Portage  Lake. 

VULCAN  COMPANY  OE  1)ETRO!T-30CO  shaui-s. 

President— William  Norton,  New  York  city;  Vico 
President,  O.  F.  Cargill,  Detroit,  Miclu;  Treasurer, 
William  B.  Wesson,  do.;  Secretary,  William  R.  Noyes. 
Octroi!,  Mich. 

Localion  813,  Montreal  river. 

ST.  CliAlR  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT— 50CO  shares. 

^     President— Albert   Crane,  Detroit,    Mich.;  Secretary 
J.  P.  C.  Emmons,  do. 

Location  :339,    Montreal  river. 

NATIONAL  COMPANY  OF   PONTIAC-GOOO    bHARES. 

Board  of  Directors— President,  George  W.  Rogers, 
Pontiac,  Mich.;  Secretary,  Henry  C.  Knight,  do.; 
Treasurer,  James  A.  Weeks,  do.;  Henry  W.  Lord, 
Henry  B.  Marsh,  Jeremiah  Clark,  do.;  Shadrack  Gillet, 

Detroit,  Mich. 

The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on 
the  first  Monday  of  January. 

ST.  CROIX  AND  MISBISSIPPJ    COMPANY  OF  NEW  (ORLEANS. 

4lliO    SHARKS. 

Board  of  Trustees— Pre.sid<>nt,  Thomas  Barret,  New 

Orleans  ;  Treasurer,  M.  druthers  ;  Charles  Ric;3,  do.; 

Nine  locations  upon  St.  Croix  river  and  its  tributaries, 


-If 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


169 


and  two,  fivo  miles   from  the  Mississippi,    twenty-five 
'miles  above  Prairie  du  Chien. 

ARGENTINE    COMPANY  OF  DETROIT-3000  shares. 

Board  of  Trustees— President,  Shubal  Conant,  De- 
iroit,  Mich.;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  A.  S.  Porter,  do.; 
Oliver  Newberry,  Wesley  Truesdall,  do. 

Location  537,  Misery  river, 

<^i;mberland  company  of  Detroit— 2000  suvres 

Trustees— Alfred  H,  Hunter,  Detroit,  Mich.;  John 
Winder,  John  W.  Strong,  Jr.,  David  Smart,  M.  M. 
Williams,  Alexander  Davidson,  Frank  Woodbridge, 
Thco.  Williams,  Charles  N.   Ege,  do. 

Location  T.,  Point  Keewenaw. 

ASTOR  COMPANY  OF  DETROIT— 3000  sHARE-sr 

Board  of  Directors— President,  James  M.  Smith, 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  Secretary,  E.  T.  Nelson,  do.; 
Treasurer,  Gurdon  Williams,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Edward 
Lyon,  J.  F.  Porter,  C.  H.  Avery,  H.  J.  Buckley, 
O.  F.  Cargill,  do. 

The  officers  of  this  company  arc  elected  annually  on 
the  first  Monday  of  February. 

THE  ISLE  ROYALE  AND  OHIO  COMPANY -12000  sharks 

Directors— Philo  Scovillc,  Cleveland,  Ohio  ;  John  C. 
Wright,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Samuel  Medary,  Columbus, 
Ohio  :  Truman  P.  Handy,  Cleveland,  Ohio  ;  Charles 
Stetson,  do.;  John  p:rwin,  do.;  Charles  H.  Williams, 
Toledo,    Ohio;    John    W.     Allen,    Cleveland,    Ohio; 

12 


170 


MINERAL    REGION 


Treasurer,  Otho  Klcmm  ;  Trustees,  Charles   H.  Wil- 
liams and  John  Erwin. 

Nine  three-nnile  locations  on  Isle  Royale. 

WESTERN  NEW  YORK  COMPANY-35U0  shares 

Trustees — Artcmas  Doane,  Newark,  N.  Y.;  Stephen 
Culver,  Orville  Hart,  do.;  Treasurer,  Eliab  T.  Grant, 
do.;  Secretary,  George  W.  Scott,  do. 

Locations  740,  Montreal  river,  687,  688  and  741 
Fire  Steel  river. 

SILVER  RIVER  COMPANY— 1000    shakes 

Board  of  Trustees — President,  Clark  Mason,  New- 
ark, N.  Y.;  Secretary,  Gcoi-gc  W.  Scott,  do.;  Treasurer, 
Eliab  T.  Grant,  do.;  John  Coveantry,  do.;  Stephen 
Culver,  do.;  Algernon    Merry  weather,    Pontiac,  Mich. 

Locations  806  and  808  Huron  Bay. 


BOSTON   AND   LAKi:   SUPERIOR    CO.^IPANY    OF  ROSTON. 

'2000     SUAKLS. 

Trustees — Thomas  A.  Dexter,  Augustus  Aspinwull, 
George  W.  Cooley  ;  Clerk  and  Treasurer,  William 
Aspinwall,  Boston,  Mass.. 

Lease  No.  13  Point  Keewenaw  and  nine  others. 


DEAD  RIVER  AND  OHIO  COMPANY— 3000  shakes. 

Trustees — President,  W.  A.  AJair,  Cleveland,  Ohio  ; 
Secretary,  George  E.  Freeman,  do.;  IL  A.  Ackley,  do.; 
Treasurer,   M.  L.  Hewitt,  do. 

The  officers  of  this  company  are  elected  annually  on 
the  first  Monday  of  January. 


lyii  J I  g^-^^ 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


171 


741 


ROSEN  DALE  COMPANY-3->00  siiarks.-1  vccrporated  by  the 
Leoislatcre  of  New  York— Capital  $350,000. 

President — John  R.  Livingston,  Jr.,  New  York  city  ; 
Directors,  Abraham  Vanderpool,  John  Lawton,  Theo- 
pliilus  Peck, Ransom, Smith,  do.;  Sec- 
retary,   Driggs,  do. 

Locations  422  Ontonagon  river,  671,  697,  695,  728 
and  729  Point  Keewenavv. 

BOSTON  AND  LAKE  SUPERIOR  COMPANY. 

Trustees— Charles  Brett  and  Alfred  Randall,  Bos- 
ton,  Mass. 

Locations  408  on  Iron  river,  and  440  on  Presquc 
Isle  river. 

EMPIRE  COMPANY— CjOO  shares. 

President — John  R.  Livingston,  Jr.,  New  York  city. 
Secretary,  Joseph  1).  Riggs,  do.,  James  B.  Campbell, 
Agent. 

[Those  persons  interested,  noticing  errors  or  omis- 
sions in  the  preceding  list  of  Mining  Companies,  will 
confer  a  favor,  by  addressing  the  aulhor  at  Eagle  River, 
Lake  Superior.} 


W" 


N< 


f  •      liM 


No.  1. 

LIST  OF  LOCATIONS  AND  LEASES, 

up  to  July  17,  1846,  with  number,  name  and  residence 
and  date  of  Lease. 

Note. — The  horizontal  line  in  the  column  of  numbers,  refers 
to  list  No.  2,  for  the  numbers  not  in  the  column.  The  cross 
against  a  number,  refers  to  list  No.  3,  and  implies  the  loss  of  the 
tract  by  interference  with  a  location  previously  made,  and  that 
it  does  not  appear  by  its  number  on  the  map.  The  letter  (a)  fol- 
lowing a  name,  designates  a  location  made  by  application  after 
the  17th  of  July,  1845,  and  (p)  designates  one  made  previous  to 
that  date. 


I 


No.  P. 


Name. 


Rksidence. 


No.  I>. 


Dati;  ok  Leask. 


RWCarson&J&WVVilson 
RWCrtrsoii&J&WWilsoi! 
RWCarsou&J&WWilsoii 
Husseys,Avery<ScR;iyiiion(l 
Husseys,Avery&Rayii>(in(l 
Husseys,Avciy&Raymon(l 
Joiib  Berniird 
Detjiirmo  Joiios 
Uavid  lloiisJiaw 
Cliarlcs  H  Gratiot 
Daniel  F  Hilt 
E  Snyder  &  E  D  Turner 
James  Hunt 
Edward  Taylor 
Alexander  J  Coffin 
Henry  R  Schoolcraft 
James  W  Glass 
Radcliff  Hudson 
S  Vischer  Tali'ott 
Garret  V  Denniston 
Edward  Learned  Jr 
William  J  Marlett 
Hezekiali  Uradford 
Levi  A  Lock  wood 
Isaac  n  Reed 
Henry  R  Schoolcraft 
Aaron  Frost 
James  VanKIeeck 
Loon;ird  B  V'asiKleeck 
Benjamin  E  Green 
Andrew  Talcolt 


~        ■  ■   '      " 

1 

May  13,  1814, 

•2 

(t              tt              ti 

3 

tt             it             <t 

4 

«t             tl             tl 

ry 

i,             ((             (t 

() 

tt             tt             tt 

fjajtimore  Md 

7 

May  24,  1814. 

Detroit  Mich 

8 

i.       tt       tt 

Boston  Mass 

9 

Sept.  «,  1843. 

]() 

Jinie  1,  1844. 

12 

Juno  17,  " 

J;} 

Sept.  17,  " 

14 

tt        tt    t( 

15 

Nov.  li-f.  " 

](> 

"      22,  " 

New  York  City 

17 

June  21,  '• 

18 

Feb.  21,   1845, 

ID 

"       27,      " 

20 

"      28,      " 

2J 

It        tt        tt 

March  7,      " 

2.'J 

tt       tt       tt 

21 

March  20,  1845, 

2.> 

"       24,     •' 

2t) 

tt         tt      tt 

New  York  City 

27 

'•       20,    " 

28 

"       27,    " 

29 

.t         tt      tt 

:i(» 

April  10.       " 

.31 

"       12,      " 

32 

4,      " 

-«i» 


OF    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


173 


No.  p. 


Name. 


Residence:. 


No.L. 


Date  of  Lipase. 


1 
'2 
3 

t6 
t7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
16 
16 
17 
18 


Levi  Ml  Keen 
Jaiiios  A  MiKocii 
Samuel  1'-  MaiKilebamn 
Simon  Mundlchanm 
John  Lotkwodd  .]t 
Bciijiimiii  (;  Arnold 
^William  I'ettil, 
[Josoitii  I'ottit 
jNichohis  MiniclJcr 

|W  J  Welles  p 
iTIiomas  Hifldio  p 
Freeman   Norvell  p 
Daniel  A  Phoenix  p 
Chauncey  Bestor 
John  A  Smith 
John  V  Watson 
James  Hijigins 
R  R  Richards 
Abraham  IMorrell 
Chauncey  H'lsli 
Thomas  "W  Tucket 
Theodore  Titus 


20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37  j 

38 

39  I 

40  I 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
46^ 
47 
48, 
485 


19  i  Martin  Coryell 
iLoyd  W  Bickley 
Chauncey  S  Payne 
Addison  Stewart 
Grant  Decker 
Justin  Higfrins 
Hammond  Whitney 
Joshua  (Jhilds 
R  D  Cutts 
Goveneur  Kemblo 
Henry  Morris 
William  Kemble 
Girard  W  Morris 
Joseph  Blunt 
Andrew  H  Ward 
William  H  Hudson 
Lawrence  Waterbury 
I  James  M  Waterbury 
Christopher  Douglass 
Ijohn  Henshaw 
iThomas  Cowles 
William  Ward 
Richard  Adams 
Lucius  Lvon 
IWilliam  Robinson  Jr 
Charles  M  Humphry 
Samuel  Peck 
Abner  Sherman 
W  R  Bernard  p 
Reuben  Chapman 
George  F  Randolph 
Almarin  B  Paul 

49  Alba  Jones 

50  Cornelius  Wickware  | 

51  Randall  S  Rice  p 
32  John  Winder  p 


Copiier  Harbor 

Pittsburgh  Pa 
Hunhovcr  Ohio 
Ance  Keewcnaw 

Detroit  Mich 


New  York 

Washington  1)  (' 
it  »« 

Detroit  Mich 

it  it 

New  York 
i> 


Philadelphia 


Detroit  Mich 


it 

(i 


i( 
it 


Boston  Mass 
Lake  Superior 
Washington  D  C 
Cold  Springs  N  Y 
[New  York 


Massachusetts 
New  York 


Wisconsin 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Virginia 

Detroit  Mich 

Alleghany  Pa 

Michigan 

St  Joseph  Island 

Mackinac  Mich 

Copper  Harbor 

Mackinac  Mich 

Illinois 

St  Louis 

Unknown 

Detroit  Mich 


:34 

35 

36 

131 

140 

115 

301 

69 
90 
91 
109 
147 
148 
110 
111 
112 
127 
113 
114 
219 
226 
264 


376 

11 
126 
209 
192 
193 
194 
195 
210 

41 
202 
228 
229 

38 

230 

37 

60 

129 

131 

99 

98 

57 

122 

186 

86 

100 

50 

51 

52 


July  5,  1845. 
"      9,      •' 
"    22,     " 
ii    »>5      »» 

Jan.V  1846. 


Nov.  19,  1845. 


Sept.  16,  1S45. 
i« 


ti 
ii 
ti 
ii 
it 
ii 


it 

ii 
ii 
it 
it 
it 
it 
it 


Oct.  31, 

Sept.  16, 


ii 
it 
it 
ti 
it 
it 
Ii 
ti 

it 
it 
ti 
it 


Dec.  30, 
»    18, 
Feb.  5,  1846. 


Sept.  19,  1845. 
Nov.    "      " 

Feb. 

ti 

it 

it 
it 
ti 


•t 

it 
it 

if 


ti 
it 
it 
ti 


ii       ii 

Sept.  16,  1845. 

Feb.  2,  1846. 
it    it     ti 


Sept.  16,  1845. 
Feb.  2,  1846. 
Sept.  16,  1845. 
Oct.  20,      " 


Dec.  29, 

Nov.  19, 

Oct.  17, 

it     it 

Sept.  16, 

Oct.  17, 

Dec.  17, 

Sept.  16, 

Oct.  17, 

Sept.  1«= 
it      <t 

it       it 


it 
it 
(t 
it 
(t 
it 
it 
ti 
t( 
ti 
t( 
it 


174 


MINERAL    REfJIOrsr 


tL-Z 


5:j 
51 
55 

5« 
57 

58 
59 

m 

61 

«-i 

63 

64 

G5 

06 

67 

68 

69 

W 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 


iVIorgitii  bates  p 
Andrew  Harvic  j) 
Robert  E  Roberts  p 
Placidiis  Ord  p 
Charles  C'oltoii 
Jatncs  K  i^k inner 
C  C  lion-,'las=i 
C  Conjstock 
Levi  W  Iliinipliry 
Joliii  Stryker 
John  Wilkinson 
James  Roy 
David  B  Jeweft 
Kdwin  C  Litclitield 
A  II  (jrcisse  p 
John  H  Kin/ie 
Gecrge  C  Bates 
A  H  ilunscora 
C  K  Green 
John  Norvell 
Jo.sliua  Howard 
William  L  Ilellstcin 
(Jurdon  Campbell  p 
Alex  W  Mfiffill  p 
Jnlian  Magill  ji 
Thomas  L  Wharton 
William  G  Alexander 
Thomas  Edwards  p 
William  Iladdix  p 
J  B  Cami)bell 
Lysander  Richardson  p 
James  R  Morchcad 
W  B  Enpher.st 
J  B  Morehead 
Barnes  Ford 
L  WTappan 
James  May 
P  MeCorniick 
James  B  Murray 
Thomas  Scott 
Leo  Tibbatts 


97  D  H  Holbrook 

98  Joseph  L  Hempstead 

99  H  E  Da  vies 

100  Henry  Edwards 

101  Charles  Stoddard 

102  John  Tappan 

103  Charles  Tappan 

104  Tobias  Myers 

105  Jacob  Myers 

106  C  Painter 
1071 N  Voetiiey 


111  : 


108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
U3 


Griswold  E  Warner 
James  M  Drake 
John  Eddie  Jr 
Charles  A  Coe 
Alfred  Pell 
James  Paul  p 


Saut  Sto  Marie  Mich 
Monroe  " 

Lake  Sniiorior 
Rome  N  Y 
Monroe  Mich 
Rome  N  Y 
Syracuse  N  Y 
Watervliof  N  Y 
West  Troy     " 
Watervliot    " 
Detroit  Mich 
Chicago  111 
Detroit  Mi;h 
Pontiac     " 
Niles         " 
Detroit     •' 

U  it 

Chicago  111 
tt  it 

>t  (( 

>»  it 

Philadelphia 

ti 

Saut  Ste  Marie  Mich 
Coj)per   IIarl)or 

Pittshurgh  Pa 

<t  it 

>i  (( 

Boston  Mass 
Piitsburgh  Pa 


tk 


tt 


Newport  Ky 

Chicago  III 
Lake  Superior 
New  York 
Boston  Mass 


Pittsburgh  Pa 


ti 


t( 


<»  it 

New  York 

ii 
it 
•  t 

Ontonagon 


51 
55 

248 
300 
307 


79 


58 
"^2 
73 
77 
74 
76 
75 
138 
317 
56 

205 
345 

1)0 
15? 
158 
160 
168 
334 
166 

46 
325 
326 
255 
327 
328 


78 

40 

42 

43 

45 

44 

331 

162 

321 

161 

103 


320 


ft.|>i.  JO,  in  16. 
•  >      it      ii 

it      ii      it 
Dec.  17,       •' 


Nov.  6,  1815. 


Sept.  16,  18-15. 


ii 
(i 
ii 
if 
ii 
ii 


ii 
ii 
ii 
it 


it 

ii 
ii 
ii 

ti 


Sept.  16,  1845. 
Feb.  5,  1846. 


Dec.  20,  1845. 
ii     ii      it 
it     it      ii 

Feb.  5,  1846. 
Dec.  20,  1845. 

Feb.  5,  1846. 
Aug.  5,  1845. 


Jan.  21,  1846. 


Sept.  16,  IfrlS. 
Aug.  6,       '♦ 


it 
it 
ii 


ti 
it 
Ii 

<i 


Dec.  26,  1845. 

Feb.  5,  1846. 
Dec.  26,  1845, 


^ 


4 


W:M 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOK 


1T5 


^ 


No.  P. 


Name. 


Residence.       INo.  P. 


Date  or  Lease. 


114; J  J  Boyd 
113  Edw.inl  lliiiker 
llfiliSS-iurcz 
U^ij  DoRuyter 
11R|A  II  Miikle 
«I!>;M  DoiisluMty 
12(l|VV  ('li.uiibcrlin 
1"!I|!VI  X  Il;irinony 
I'i'ijdillicrt  llopkins 
r2:}iWilli;un  ('urell 
12ljWinis  Hall 
l-r>  Geor^'e  K  Sist.iro 
» 20! Alex  Jones 
I27lThom  IS  P  Kftttel 
12H  K(l<Tar  Cli.niiller 
129iWilliaiii  VViirder 
lliOlAmos  F  Hall 
i'U  J  Burgess  p 
132  C  Y  Ruhmoiid  p 
i:W  Omar  U  Coii!:(!i 
lai  M  Titus 

135  Plvitt  S  Titus 

136  J  H  Titus 

137  Theodore  Cliapin  p 

138  (Jeorpe  R  Griswold 
13911-:. J  Roberts 

110  K  Dygcrt  a 

141  Charles  Richmond  i 

142  John  Marsh 
1 13  J  Campbell 

144  G:o  go  Moran 

145  Thomas  McCully 

146  B  H  Brewster 
147|A  Gouin  a 
l48|vVilliam  J  Craus 
149,PGDo\ 
150|Edward  Lamed 
151iCharles  G  Lamed 
152|J  II  Hitchcock 

153  S  W  Caulkins  p 

154  Riley  Hayt'ord  p 
15r.jD  Thornton  p 

156  S  Maynard 

157  C  B  Wheeiock  p 

158  D  Hamilton 

159  Charles  Kinyon  p 

160  T  Williams  P 

161  James  Eights 

162  A  Fuller  p 

163  H  Atwood  p 
l64iA  Ashley  Jr  a 

tl65JR  Miller 
»l66ij  J  Roberts  a 
167{john  Brown 

168  E  Prentiss 

169  R  S  Cox 


170 
171 
172 


Charles  Bradley 
M  St  Clair  Clarke 
C  J  Nourse. 


New  York 
It 

tt 

t* 

it 


Albany  N  Y 
New  York 


Hpringlleld  Ohio 

Detrr.it  Mich 

Ripley  Ohio 

(Jlevelaiid  Ohio 

Jackson  Mich 
tt  It 

tt  it 

Detroit  '* 
Buffalo  N  Y 
Detroit  Mich 


154  Nov.  19,  1843. 

155  I  "      '♦      " 


30 
60 


Sept.  16,    •' 
Oct.  17,      " 


340 
95     Oct.  1(3,  1815. 


08 


Sept.  10,  1845. 


63     Sept.  10,  1845. 

85         »t      tt 

266      Dec.  24, 


267 
I  268 
!  269 
I     96     iOct.  10, 
'  271      Dec.  20, 


tt     tt 
tt     tt 

tt     ti 


i  Aurora  N  Y 

I      It        tt 

Philadelphia 
Detroit  Mich 
Philadelphia 
tt 

Detroit  Mich 
Philadelphia 
Albany  N  Y 
Watervliet  N  Y 

tt  tt 

tt  tt 

West  Troy  N  Y 
iWatervliet      " 
j  West  Troy     " 
i  Richmond  Va 

Green  Bay 

W^atervlietN  Y 
it  tt 

Newburgh     " 
Albany 
Washington  D  i' 

Mt  Clemens  Mich 

tt  tt 

Richmond  Va 

! Newburgh  N  Y 

Detroit  Mich 
tt  tt 

Washington  D  C 
tt  tt 


145 


146 
261 
232 


87 
88 
97 


368 


tt 

tt 

tt 
t* 
•  t 
tt 
it 
it 


Dec.  27,  1815. 

it     tt        it 

Feh.  5,  1846. 


Sept.  16,  1845. 
tt      it      it 


Oct, 


tt 

It 


It 
it 


81 
80 
149 
150 
151 
152 


Sept. 

16,  1845 

.1       tt 

22.     " 

It                  it 

it                  tt 

** 

it                 tt 

! 


'iii 


I 


176 


MINERAL    REGION 


No.  F. 


Name. 


17y  (i  Larnbley  a 

174  Patrick  Cinititi  a 

175  William  H  Howe 
170  John  Cliester  a 

177  T  Picket  a 

178  John  Gornoo  a 

179  J  Darrali 

180  JMSterlitij. 

181  J  G  Clark 
tl82  JSahIa 

183  James  Adams 

184  8  B  Hournean 
1H5  11  B  Sweeney 
185j  Samuel  T  J)oii''las« 
1B«  JJPcavey 

187  Cornelius  Boyle 

188  G  Sweeney 

189  H  Knollman  a 

190  F  Wallner  a 
flOl  KMullera 

192  J  Lindere  a 

193  J  Myniner  a 

199  F  Webster 

200  F  Marsh 

202  Henry  Qui nn 

203  Charles  W  Marsh 

205  Thompson  Tyler 

206  James  Wynne 

207  Thomas  fionoho 

208  A  Crawford  a 
309   NBwIwina 

210  William  O^Briei.  a 

211  Paul  Deice  a 

212  LC  Forsyth  a 

213  A  Olds  a 

214  Chris  Babe  a 

215  DMunjfcr 


216 
217 
218 
219 
220 
221 
222 
223 
224 
225 
826 
227 

246 
247 

248 
24* 
250 
251 


C  T  Gorham 
H  W  Taylor 
Horace  Jacobs  p 
G  O  Whitemmorc 
Isaac  Butterfleid 
iH  Parke 
E  B  Wales 
iC  C  Parkes 
Adam  Clark 
W  J  A  Bradford 
W  M  Ord  p 
Cyrus  Underhall 

W  C  Sterling 
W  P  Clarke 
W  W  Prentiss 
H  L  Skinner 
W  P  Clarke  Jr 
Charles  G  Hammond 


Rehiurnck. 


No.  L. 


Date  nr  liRAiiti:. 


Cojipcr  Ihirbor 

oa 

<  'ct.  22,  lb45. 

t>            tt 

PittsbiirL'h  I'll 
Detroit  Mich 

92 

Del.  22,  1H15, 

('opper  llnrhi>r 

Siiut  Ste  M;trit; 

IMoiiroe  iMicb 

153 

Dec.  17,  1H5. 

Unknown 

207 

<i     tt        t> 

>t 

206 

ii     .i         kk 

Copper  lliirbor 
VVa>hinKtoii  D  C 


Detroit  Mich 

Maine 

Washington  D  C 
tt  t. 

Cojijier  Harbor 


f»l 


tt 

tt 


it 
ti 

tk 


Boston  Mas3 
New  York 

Washington  D  C 
Boston  Mass 

Washington  D  C 

Baltimore  Md 

Washington  D  C 

Copper  Harbor 

Green  Bay  W  T 

Copper  Harbor 

Detroit  Mich 
tt  it 

St  Joseph  " 
Detroit  ♦' 
Marshall   " 


Copper  Harl)or 
Pontiac  Mich 


:m 


116 
117 
118 


Oit.22,  IHir*. 


360 
362 
361 

16!) 


337 


Jan.  2,  1846. 
it     tt      it 


Jan.  6^  1840. 


Unknown 

Davenport  low  a 

Saut  Ste 

Mario 

La  Pointe  W  T 

170 

Oct.  31,  1845, 

302 

Monroe 

Mich 

n 

ii 

303 

ti 

t,i 

304 

' 

tt 

t< 

30f* 

ti 

ii 

208 

Dec.  27,  iSl.Tf 

Detroit 

it 

62 

Oct.  17,      '<■ 

!;•>. 


OF    LAKK    SUrEKIUU. 


177 


ffo.  L. 

Namk. 

Rksioknce. 

No.  L. 

Da  TK  or  liKAdr. 

UVI 

R  (;iiicn 

Detroit  IVlich 

Oct.  17,  1815. 

■jr)3 

Hoiiry  Ledyiipl 

tt         «t 

71 

it          ta            it 

251 

John  R  (iront 

ti                 tt 

315 

2;j5 

(inrdon  Williiuns 

tt                 tt 

29S 

256 

A ir.ccl  Williams 

Pontiac    '• 

300 

257 

N  1'  Slcwiiri 

tfe         *k 

258 

II  CTliurbcr 

ti         >> 

307 

259 

H  Stevens 

»>         >• 

260 

Jufttin  llerriik 

Maine 

201 

J  F  Wcl.l) 

Wushin-jton  DC 

119 

Jan,  2,   IH4«. 

2(52 

A  Knowles 

Maine 

263  ' 

Rufiis  I'arks 

Wisionsin 

HH 

l.snac    I'agc 

Aii>,Mista  Maine 

265 

S  L  Hiirris 

Maine 

356 

t266 

N  Siir^tent 

Philadelphia 

207 

lloiiry  J  llmklev 

Detroit  Miiii 

290 

268 

O  1)  Ricliiirilsoii 

Pontiai     " 

f269 

.1   M  Williams 

tt          tt 

270 

W  Webber  a 

Copper  Harbor 

271 

H  Tally  a 

tl            tt 

272 

J  Kwiiifr  a 

tt            tt 

273 

J  Colbctk   a 

tt             t. 

274 

F  Beryinaii  a 

tt            tt 

275 

C  Rundert  a 

tt             it 

270 

0  Hoftnian  a 

tt             tt 

V~V                     <^  A            -^    *  \   M   t^ 

277 

Charles  Hen«haw  ;t 

Boston    Mass 

123 

Oct.  31,  184i>. 

278 

R  Choate 

tt            f 

180 

Feb.  5,  1816. 

279 

J  11  Adams 

.t             tt 

254 

ii         ■  •          i  b 

280 

('harles  Sondtlcr 

tt             it 

181 

281 

CW  Painter 

Pittsburgh  Pa 

165 

Dec.  30,  18-15. 

282 

J  Painter 

it  ^      .« 

167 

Fel).  5,  1846. 

283 

J  (Jraham 

tt         It 

329 

284 

R  Swan 

it         (t 

330 

'i85 

A  B  irine 

it         it 

164 

Dec.  30,  1815. 

286 

J  A  Co.istaut 

New  York 

196 

Feb.  2, 1816. 

287 

J  Tuckerniaii 

it 

289 

James  Davis 

Boston    Mass 

290 

S  Bartlett 

tt            tt 

291 

James  Davis 

it            tt 

292 

Fred  W  Davis 

it            ti 

358 

293 

P  S  Shelton 

it            it 

294 

Thomas  Dixoii 

it            it 

295 

J  Hanna 

Pittsburgh  Pa 

296 

V  Saunders 

Ghent  Ky 

298 

W  Burnett  p 

Copper  Harbor 

299 

J  S  Farrand 

Detroit  Mich 

308 

300 

W  A  Riihmond 

tt          tt 

309 

301 

Willian>  Hale 

tt          it 

310 

302 

F  A  Hardinj,' 

it          It 

311 

303 

K  Brooks 

ti                          it 

214 

March  9,  1816. 

30.4 

J  R  Brodhead 

New  York 

233 

Feb.  12,  1840. 

305 

A  Livingston 

it 

159 

311 

H  S  Hay  a 

Detroit  Mich 

3155 

J  J  Rinched  a 

tt          i'. 

313 

S  Green  a 

tl          it 

314 

IJ  Anderson  a 

Utica  NY 

t   : 


178 


MINERAL     REGION 


315 
.■il« 
317 
;}IH 
.'{19 
.120 
.Wl 
;)22 

;]24 
;i2.} 
:{26 
;W7 

;}28 
;/20 
:130 

331 
332 
333 
331 
3;}5 
336 
337 
338 
;W9 
3'JO 
341 
342 
343 
344 
;H5 
.346 
.317 
348 
319 
350 
351 
352 
353 
354 
355 
:356 

360 
361 
361^ 
.362 
3a3 
364 
365 
360 
;J67 
368 
369 
370 
371 
372 
373 
i»374 


hi  Morari  a 

P  La  (:!|are  a 

J  Urinknian  a 

O  Leriiin^  a 

William  Miller  a 

Natliaii  Updegraff 

J  Painter 

J  VV  Webb 

G  A  Barstow 

0  W  (flitter  p 

William  Hays 

A  J  Trumbull 

G  E  Dewey 

Klia:i  Williams 

E  Vanclcventcr 

W  Moon 

Daniel  D  Dewey 

W  Richards  ;•. 

George  Beiis  a 

W  H  Langridfjc  a 

II  N  Howard  a 

P  Hog. ill  a 

A  iVlerrvweather  a 

W  H  Mercer  a 

E  Trufbnt  a 

D  Burt  A 

John  Wylde  a 

Norton  Wyckoff  a 

J  Raymond  a 

A  D  Tnrbush  a 

C  E  Shepard 

J  L  Cuyler 

J  B  Diimont 

I)  C  Littlejohn 

G  H  Littlejohn 

J  B  Warren 

F  J  Littlejohn 

F  S  Littlejohn 

Ezra  Willis 

Christopher  Willis 

T  Jones 

Thomas  J  VVhitteinore 

J  A  Peck 
,1  Glenn 

Robert  A  Forsyth 
W  C  Glenn 
E  T  Ellicott 
Andrew  Ellicott 
Elias  Ellicott 
E   Chassaing 
LDeMilhim 
Benjamin  Ellicott 
J  P  Murphy 
John  Davis  a 
T  Perry  a 
H  Sturdy  a 
E  C  Raim  a 
W  W  Spanlding  a 


Detroit    JVlich 


it 


Sidney  ^Ohio 
j  Pittsburgh  Pa 
I  New  York 

Boston  Mass 
I  Portsmouth  N  II 

Ohio 

Flint    Mich 


it 
<i 
(t 

ta 
•  ( 


tt 


Copper  Harbor 


Pontiuc  Mich 


Mt  Clemens  Mich 


>t  (I 

Detroit  Mich 
>>  tt 

Aurora  N  Y 


Allegan    Mich 


Boston   Mass 
(Cambridge  Mass 

Pontiac  Mich 
Baltimore  Md 
Detroit  Mich 
Baltimore  Md 


t( 

t( 
it 
tt 


f< 
(t 
•I 


Pittsburgh  Pa 
("opper  Ilarbor 


1  Ontonagon 
1  Copper  Harbor 


104 
105 
106 
107 

108 


276 
277 
281 
279 

278 
282 
283 
280 


371 
190 


70 
344 
3'!) 
270 
296 
222  iDec.  17,  1843. 


October  15,  I.&13, 
Jan.  29,  1846. 


Sept.  22,  1845 


Jan.  2,  1S46, 


n 
tt 


4 


49  Sept.  16,  1845. 


369 
170 


Feb.  5.  184«. 


6^ 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


179 


Leask, 


,  1813. 

816. 
313. 

1845 


846. 


845. 


4«. 


;{75  (James  Carle  a 
;j7G  iC  Lewis  a 
;J77    R  Jennings 
37W  'C  Cherry 

379  |D  Kendall 

380  iM  Wallace  a 
38!   |H  N  Munson 

382  iJ  B  Watson 

383  1 1'  Palmer 

urn  |R  Hall 

985  :J  Lilly 

386  lAFisk 

387  I>  Kimball 

388  N  Waterman 

389  E  W  Stone 

390  |A   Randall 

391  |S  Curtis 

392  'J  H  Sears 

393  iV  Brown 

394  jElias  E  Davidson 

395  !A  W  Benson 

396  IE  A  Raymond 

397  iM  Kimliall 

398  'S  C  Walts  a 

399  EF  Gloasona 

400  J  O  WiHiams  a 

401  M  Sayer  a 

402  jLSouthlnrda 

403  iL  Shawern  a 

404  W  \l  Boyer 

405  W  R  Oormley 

406  W  W  Dallas 
tl07  J  R  White 

408  Frederick  Libbcy 

409  R  Hosmer 

410  TTenEyck 

411  Thomas  Palmer 

412  Edward  Doyle 

413  OM  riyde 

414  O  Chamberlain 

415  |J  Alexander 

416  N  G  Kartright 

417  H  fl  Hale 

418  C  H  Talcott 

419  J  I.  Boswell 

420  J  P  Cunningham 

421  M  Mathews  a 

422  J  Blauvelt  a 

423  William  A  Cheever 

424  D  A    Hall 

425  E  Harriman 
420  Edward    Curtiss 

427  W  G  Snether 

428  William  Cameron  a 

429  P  La  Riviere  a 

430  D  Millett  a 

431  L  Cantains  a 

432  Charles  Bourassau  a 

433  Charles  Merrit  a 


Copper  Harbor 


Cleveland  Ohio 
Pittsburgh  Pa 
Plates vi He  W  T 
('opper   Harbor 
St  Clair  Mich 
Detroit        '* 

Boston     Mass 


n 

^^ 

tl 

tt 


Copper  Harbor 


Reading  Pa 
Pittsburgh  Pa 


Boston  Mass 
Poiitiae  Mich 

Detroit  Mich 


Pontiac     " 

Boston  Mass 

New  York 

Glastenbury  Conn 
it  tt 

Hartford  " 

New  York 
(Carthage  N  Y 
Albion  Mich 
B  oston  Mass 
Washington  DC 
Tennessee 
New    York 
Washington  D  C 
Saut  Ste  Marie 
Mackinac  Mich 

Saut  Ste  Marie 
Mackinac  Mich 
Battle  Creek  Mich 


No,  L, 


141 
316 
220 
236 
237 
238 
239 
240 
241 
242 
213 
214 
47 
48 
245 
363 
216 


139 
332 
350 
338 


132 


247 


187 


347 


Date  of  Lease. 


Dec.  29,  1815. 


Feb. 
Jan. 


16,  1846. 
27,  1846. 


tt 


>t 


tt  it  t( 

tt  it  il 

it  it  it 

it  it  it 

il  it  it 

it  it  tl 

it  It  i  ' 

Aug.  12,  1845. 

it  it   it 

Jan.  27,  1816. 

Jan.  27,  1816. 


Nov.  1,  1815. 


Dec.  29,  1845. 
Jan.  27,  1846. 
Feb.  2,  1846, 


mSm 


180 


xVo.  p. 


4;i8 

439 
440 
441 
442 
443 
444 
445 
446 
447 
448 
449 
H'iO 
H'ii 
452 
453 
^454 

450 
457 

458 
459 
460 
461 
462 
463 
464 
465 
466 
467 
468 
469 
470 
471 
472 
473 
474 
475 
476 

t477 

t478 

t479 

480 

481 

482 

483 

481 

485 

486 

487 

488 

489 

490 

491 

492 

493 

494 

495 


MINERAL    REGION 


Names. 


H  Hubbard  a 

Chicafjo  111 

Thomas  JI  Purdon  p 

Hillsborough  Va 

J  F  Gleason 

Thomastown  Md 

C  B   Marian 

Monroe  Mich 

M  P  Marvin 

«(         tt 

T  H  llawley 

«(        ti 

A  Godard 

Detroit    " 

C  lloitiios 

X                 it 

VV  VV  Johnson 

tt           t( 

J  A  Vandyivc; 

»i         >t 

J  P  Teller 

it              u 

P  IJusscy 

Ohio 

1)  J)   Divis  i. 
E   Jones  a 

Coi)i)er  Harbor 

t>           » . 

Milton  Mason  a 
D  O'Connor  a 

Independence  Ohio 

Rome  N  Y 

B  Swaney  a 

Hanover  Ohio 

William  White  ;i 

Pittsburgh  Pa 
Baltimore  Md 

C  Kidder 

W  Robinson  Jr 

t'          ti 

G  Crosby 

'»          <t 

J  S  Alien 

Pontine  Mich 

S  (^handjorlaiii 

tt        It 

J  INI  Parsons 

Marshc'-ll   " 

11  A  Tillofson 

>'         i( 

A  L  Hays 

X               it 

A  C  Parmlec 

Hastings  Mich 

C    Kello'Ti' 

Marshall     " 

R   Cross 

tt          >i 

A  L  Lcland 

Pontiac  Mich 

L  Bacon 

>t               n 

W  J  Nelson 

tl           i. 

A  B  Mathews 

it            it 

B  O  Williams 

Owasso     " 

O  F  Wisner 

Pontiac     " 

J   C  Smith 

tk          It 

John  Almy 

Grand  Rapids  Mich 

J  Richmond 

Aurora  N  Y 

S  K  Hurrinf.' 

Mackinac   Mich 

A  W  Spies 

New  York 

B  Banks 

Marshall  Mich 

M  Son  Is 

it          ti 

H  H  Sylvester 

Washington  D  C 
it          ti 

R  C  Weiffhtnuxn 

G  CThclnas 

it           ti 

James  Adams 

it           it 

S  B  Boarman 

it          it 

H  B  Sweeny 

it          it 

W  W  Rovve 

Bangor  Md 

C  O  Rerord 

i  i        «t 

M  S  Palmer 

it        it 

E  Bacon 

I'ontiac  Mich 

W  W  Hudson 

^ew  York 

RNiles 

it         it 

J  M  Oakley 

it         it 

J  Otis 

HoUowell  Me 

Alexander  II  Howard 

it                   ii 

William  S  Leo 

Detroit  Mich 

59 
339 

82 
83 
84 


297 


101 
102 
103 


172 

318 


338 
175 
184 
173 
203 
185 
221 


120 
3U 
342 
343 
121 


174 
216 
235 
201 
252 
251 


Oct.  22  1843. 

Oct.  16,  1843. 
"   17,  " 


Dec.  18,  1845. 


Dec.  27,  1845. 


Dec,  12,  1845. 


Jan.  2,  1846 


Jan.  2,  1840. 


Dec.  13,  1845. 
Feb.  2.  1846. 

"   IS  '• 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


181 


lEAHK, 

3. 

13. 


o. 


15. 


45. 


' 


No.   P 

Name, 

Residence. 

No.  L. 

Date  of  Lease. 

496 

R  K  Page 

Ilallowell  Me 

253 

Feb.  18,    1846. 

497 

H  M  Smith 

New  York 

198 

*'      2,         ♦♦ 

498 

M  B  Maclay 

u           u 

231 

((       ((         (( 

499 

R  M  Morrison 

Manhattan  Ohio 

351 

500 

J  G  Thurber 

Monroe  Mich 

135 

Dec.   27,   1845. 

501 

A  E  Wing 

((                u 

352 

/ 

502 

Cliaries  Noble 

((            (( 

353 

t503 

J  Q  Adams 

a           (( 

504 

H  Smith 

li           (( 

505 

EJcwett 

Lockport  N  Y 

257 

Feb.   9,    1846. 

506 

Thad.   W  Patchin 

New  York 

272 

u      2        t» 

507 

R  D  Hubbard 

Hartford    Conn 

189 

U            U               (t 

508 

Thomas  Lamb 

Boston  Mass 

64 

Oct.  7,  1845, 

509 

M  H  Simpson 

<(        (( 

65 

<(            ((              n 

510 

H  Swift 

it          u 

66 

t(        ((        (( 

511 

J  Stifkney 

(<       1  ( 

07 

<(            U             (( 

512 

R  Bell 

Philadelphia 

2C2 

Jan.  29,  1846. 

513 

FI  T  Titus 

(( 

217 

Dec.  29,  1845. 

514 

VV  McConnell 

u 

263 

Jan.  29,  1846. 

515 

James  Ilay  Jr 

u 

259 

Dec.  29,  1845. 

516 

.1  H  Cowden 

Williamsport  Pa 

517 

H  A  De  France 

Philadelphia 

218 

Dec.  29,  1845. 

518 

J  M  Erwin 

u 

519 

G  W  Guthrie 

11 

260 

Dec,  30,  1845 

520 

A  G  Benson 

New  York  city 

521 

G  A  Dwight 

ti           (< 

522 

Clisrlcs  King 

U                    (. 

523 

E  Kingman 

((             <( 

524 

II  B  Loomis 

il              <( 

525 

S  P  Lyman 

( .            (( 

526 

WiUiani  Morell 

i(             i< 

527 

H  .1  Raymond 

<>             <( 

528 

J  D  Olmstead 

Boston  Mass 

529 

Thomas  Snowden 

New  York 

295 

530 

F  lliehniond 

G'd  Rapids  Mich 

374 

531 

Peter  Morey 

Detroit  Mich 

375  , 

532 

H  Ohnstead 

Boston  Mass 

136 

Dec.  30,  1845 

533 

G  R  Hazewell 

Ohio 

191 

<(      ((       (i 

534 

G  E  Cheever 

Boston  Mass 

535 

B  H  Cheever 

Washington  DC 

536 

W  Havves 

Zanesville    Ohio 

537 

Ciias  T  Murdock 

Boston  Mass 

538 

Theodore  Olcott 

Albany  N  Y 

227 

Jan.  20,    1846 

539 

Thaddeus  Joy 

li         11 

223 

Dec.  18,  1845 

540 

Lewis  Joy 

a          t( 

224 

«(            U            (( 

541 

C  T  Chamberlain 

Allegany 

225 

((        ti        i( 

ss 


h  J 


182 

MINERAL    REGIO^ 

No.  r. 

Name. 

Residence. 

No.  L. 

DAT 

E  OF 

Lease^ 

542 

Chas.  C  Cushnian 

Maine 

543 

James  Robinson 

Pittsburgh  Pa 

128 

Dec. 

26, 

1845 

544 

G  H  Whitney 

Cambridge  Mass 

545 

H  D  Olipliant 

Boston            " 

142 

Jan. 

2(5, 

1846 

546 

Allen  Shepard 

((                 (( 

143  j 

(( 

11 

(( 

547 

F  A  Elliot 

(<                 (( 

144 

(( 

(( 

(( 

548 

H  T  Backus 

Detroit  Mich 

549 

D    E  n urban  (ill 

.(             (( 

550 

William  U  Wilson 

((             (( 

551 

J  Robinson  Jr 

Pittsburgh  Pa 

552 

J  R  Bowman 

Pontiac  Mich 

553 

J  H  Sinclair 

Detroit       *• 

354 

554 

John  Mi;Revnolds 

U                       (( 

275    March  3 

,  1846 

555 

A  T    Me  Reynolds 

((               (( 

355  1 

556 

Wells  Ilolley 

Geneva  N  Y 

176    Feb. 

2, 

1846 

557 

J  M  Ilolley 

Stanford  Conn 

171 

(( 

558 

P  V^andervvort 

New  York 

273 

(( 

559 

William  M  Clark 

(C                  i( 

183 

(( 

560 

Nathaniel  Jarvis 

((           (( 

215 

(( 

561 

J   J  Codding  on 

<<          u 

204 

(. 

562 

R  C  Weetmorc 

((          t( 

212 

u 

563 

M  Kim  on  11 

Halloweil  Me 

249 

a 

564 

Ichabod    Nutter 

((          u 

178 

n 

565 

li  W  Chi  Ids 

New  York 

250 

<( 

566 

H  H  Hale 

Glastenb'ry   Ct 

567 

C   H  Talcott 

((               i  ( 

284 

March  19,  184t 

568 

J  P  Cunningham 

New    York 

569 

J  A  Constant 

Dobb's  Ferry  NY 

196 

Feb. 

2, 

1846 

570 

J  Tuckerman 

New  York 

197 

«( 

(( 

<( 

571 

J  E  Boswell 

Hartford  Conn 

1H7 

a 

(( 

<< 

572 

F  W  Ogsbury 

New  York 

213 

li 

(( 

(( 

573 

RobfM'i  Benson 

(1         <( 

285 

574 

E  i'.lunt 

Delaware  City 

177 

Feb. 

2, 

1846 

575    E  Doufilass 

New    York 

199 

(( 

(( 

(( 

576 

Alfred  Douglass 

((         (( 

200 

t( 

(( 

(( 

577 

J   A  Iselino 

i(         li 

182 

<( 

(< 

(( 

578 

N  G  Kart right 

211 

(( 

.1 

<( 

579 

W  J  Staples 

11                      li 

188 

(( 

ii 

u 

580 

H  B  Foy 

Albany  N  Y 

313 

581 

J  C  Ay  res 

New    York 

205 

Feb. 

2, 

1846 

582 

M    Wall)ridgc 

Eoc:kp(jrt  N   Y 

583 

H  O' Riley 

New  York 

584 

Charles  W  Borup 

La  Pointo   W  T 

124 

Jan. 

«, 

1846 

585 

C  M  Oakes 

((                    u 

1   125 

(( 

«i 

(( 

r^m 

I'homas  Card 

Manhattan  Ohio 

256 

" 

21, 

u. 

587 

P  S  S'indford 

Painsviile         *' 

1 

k, 

( 


OF    LAKE    SUPEillOR. 


183 


t 


No.  r. 

Names. 

Residence. 

No.  P. 

Datk  of  Lease. 

"588 

Wm  W  Thompson 

Poniiac    Mich 

176' 

Jan. "16,    1846 

589 

Geo.  Mendenliall 

Cincinnati 

274 

<(       ((       (( 

590 

H  E  Perry 

Detroit  Mich 

348 

591 

S  Clark 

Kalamazoo  Mich; 

324 

592 

S  11  Brooks 

New  York 

593 

James  Gansou 

Jackson  Mich 

133 

Dec.  12,    1845 

594 

O  B  Dibble 

Detroit     *'           ', 

130 

u       17,      ♦' 

595 

O  Parker 

Bangor  Me 

294 

f 

t595^ 

M  Mann 

Marshall  Mich 

322 

59() 

J  Palmer 

Bangor  Me 

393 

596i 

E  C  Noble 

Marshall    Mich 

323 

597" 

S  P  Dinsmau 

Bangor  Me 

292 

597  i 

John  N  Barbonr 

Boston  Mass 

-598" 

A  Haynes 

Bangor  Me 

291 

598* 

N  A  Barrett 

Boston    Mass 

599" 

L  E  Dunn 

Bangor  Me 

290 

599  i 

J  W  Sullivan 
T  B  Dix 

Boston  Mass 

6004 

eor 

B  Dyer 

Bangor  Me 

289 

602 

F  Blackman 

((         (( 

288 

■ 

602 1 

J  L  Tiu.ker 

Boston  Mass 

286 

' 

6o:r 

J  B  Marsh 

[Bangor  Me 

287 

. 

(mh 

Isaac  Hill 

Concord  N  H 

604" 

T  OMara 

|Kentueky 

605 

Jesse  E   Dow 

iWashipgton  DC 

234 

Feb.  23,   IBir^ 

606 

y  G  Wat  sou 

1  Detroit  Mich 

364 

607 

John   Nortoti 

Bufi-ilo  NY 

608 

Albert  lliulol|)h 

iPiits  urgh  Pa 

253 

Feb.  23,  iSlC 

609 

Tiius.  \V  Bristol  p 

Detroit  Mich 

610 

Williaiii  Jivel  a 

i              U                  (( 

: 

611 

S  vSmiih  a 

Unknown 

I 

t612 

A.  Grover  a 

1           u 

1 

t6i:; 

'*.  /  Suiit'i  a 

(( 

t614 

U  D  ilogers  a 

Philade'ii)liia 

6i;i 

A  Thomas  a 

jWyota  W   T 

616 

W  11  Monroe 

iJaek.^on    Mich 

617 

Era  sins  Murd 

jMiddlcport    N  Y 

618 

Jarvis  llurd 

i Marshall  Mich 

619 

G  Ketehum 

Detroit         " 

620 

G  C  Gibbs 

Marshall      '' 

621 

J  Craig 

Middleport  N  Y 

622 

A   S  Baker 

i            a                 1 1 

62:i 

VVashiii<^ton  Iluiit 

Lockport       " 

624 

S  Works 

U                         <i 

625 

P  M  Everett 

;  Jackson  Mich 

184 


MINERAL    REGION 


\o.  p. 

Names. 

Rksidexce. 

No.  1/ 

Date  ok  liRA^K, 

626 

J  Hawks  a 

Rochester  N  Y 

1 

626i-J  Ketchum  a 

New  York 

1627 

J  Peter?  a 

Unknown 

" 

628 

J  Brooks 

Washington  DC 

1 
1 

629 

Benjamin  C  Cox  a 

St  Clair  Mich 

1 

630 

W  Hall  a 

Albany  IS  Y 

i 

631 

A  Ledger  a 

Unknown 

632 

G  A  Swan  a 

Copper   Harbor 

1 
1 

633 

E   S  Rockwell  a 

Jackson  Mich 

■ 

'iJ34 

J  Taylor  a 

Fort  Wilkins 

. 

635 

S  Riehmond  a 

Adrian  Mich 

" 

636 

T  SkilliriPftou  a 

Saut  Ste  Marie 

i 

637 

J  Ward  u 

Ontonagon 

! 

638 

W  L  Whiting  a 

Chicago  III 

t641 

J  L  Rodgers  a 

Unknown 

642 

W  S  Snunders  a 

(( 

'                          - 

644 

L  S  Treat  a 

Aurora  N  Y 

645 

C  L  Spiker  a 

Unknown 

640 

G  Knapp 

Racine  W  T 

1 

647 

G  R  Given  a 

Copper  Harbor 

j 

648 

B  Chapman 

Mackinac  Mich 

I 

t 

649 

Thos  W  Herron  a 

Chopper   Harbor 

1 

650 
651 

John  Steward  a 
James  B  Hunt 

Saut    Ste  Marie 
Pontiac   Mich 

349  ' 

652 

E   B  Litchtield 

New  York 

1 

653 

J  Lathrop 

Maine 

654 

John  Dickey 

Pensylvania 

655 

DP  Bushnell 

Detroit  Mich 

656 

M  E  Van  Buren 

(i         (( 

657 

E  J   Van  Buren 

U                CI                                      j 

1 

658 

C  H  Carey 

((          ii 

659 

F  W  Wrighter 

New  York 

660 

John    Sattcrlee 

661    R  Greenfield 

Hyde  Park   N  Y' 

662  'J  Hindi  man 

\i       ii         (t    \ 

663   A  Wnrd 

Sing  Sing      *'    j 

664    J  A  Parker 

Flyde  Park     '^     ; 

665    D  Collins  Jr 

Hyde  Park     "     \ 

666    M  G  Mubbard 

Utica              " 

667    S  W  Higgins 

Detroit  Mich 

i 

668    E  HCiirniichael 

Richmond  Va 

669  :S  S  Williams 

Philadelphia         i 

t670  jJ  S  Milford 

Fred'cksburg  Va 

671 

C  S  Kendig 

Hornsburgh  Pa  ' 

1 

% 


AhK. 


t; 


OP    LAKE    SUPERIOR. 

165 

Vo.P. 

Namte. 

Residence. 

No.L, 

Date  op  Lease. 

OViS  iVVilliaiu  I'oliaii 

'I'onawanda  Pu                       i 

073 

VV  B  Townsend 

New  York 

074  :j  S  Skinner 

Washington  D  C 

075   J  H  Whitcomb 

Boston  Mass 

076  ij  Kearon 

VVashingtou  D  C 

677  !L  S  Coryell 

Mt  Hope  Pa 

678    R  Kearon 

Washington  D  C 

679   J  McCabo 

Pontiac    Mich 

680   T  J  Hunt 

It          «t 

681  iJ  E  Hyde 

i(          it 

1 

682  iZ  B  Knight 

<t          <i 

083   Bela  Hobbavd 

Detroit  Mich 

084  iGeorge  W  Fish 

«.         (i 

685   David  Bu-h  Jr 

"          "                          1 

086  jR  Bishop 

ti         t( 

0&7  iAlonzo  Ferris 

<i         i< 

088  :j  Cowdin 

New  York 

089  i 

696   T  Ackert 

Hyde  Park  N  Y 

691    J  Van  Vliet 

ti        <•      (i 

692  JG  Manning 

i<                   <i               t> 

t* 

093  'GT  Swift 

Mt  Clemens  Mich 

094    VVVVNilea 

Sew  York 

695   J  D  C  Stoutenburgh 

Hyde  Park  N  Y 

696   G  J  Abbott 

Washington  D  C 

697    John  Mnlford 

Hyde  Park  N  Y 

698    R  L  Prickhard 

n                 >t             (1 

699    TWDay 

Harttbrd  Conr. 

" 

700  \M  M  More 

Washington  D  C 

701  iHCMurphev 

Brooklyn  N  Y 

702    G  VV  Stanley 

A'gusta  Me 

703  IS  Irving 

iVew  York 

■  f  7 

704  i  J  E  Harvey 

Washington  D  C 

* 

705  IE  Eld 

New  Haven  Conn 

706  :RJ  lngcr«oll 

<k         >»            tt 

• "  'T 

707  IHEld 

H                i(                     it 

=--t 

708   John  Oakford 

Philadelphia 

70O  |John  Watson 

Detroit   Mich 

710  Ijanics   Watson 

ft          it 

711    CO  Flynn 

it          it 

712    CC  Jackson 

it          if 

713    CCaison 

Pensylvania 

715    J  Ha,M 

Philadelphia 

716  1 J  Baldwin 

Elinvra  N  Y 

717  IThomas  Willis 

Philadelphia 

718    D  C  Holbrook 

Detroit  Mich 

719    E  B  Wetiierbeo 

Flint        " 

720    William  Blades 

Detroit    " 

• 

721    A  Brush 

>i                     t  t 

722   J  N  Elbert 

tf                     ft 

723    RDLamond 

tf                      tt 

:  '■* 

724    n  J  Cainpau 

ft                     it 

"'■ 

725    HC  Walker 

Flint       «• 

V 

726  ;j  B  VV^alker 

ti         it 

' 

727  , Thomas  O  Fowler 

New  York 

728   Charles  M  Prevornt 

Philadelphia 

729 

J  B  Sutherland 

i^ 

> 

pW' 


\S(i 


MINKllAL    REGIOV 


N 


Levi  M  Arnold 
Peter  Godfroy 
JH  Brown  a 
Or  G  Foster 
B  F  Bush 
John  Owen 
R  R  Gurley 
VV  J  Moorhead 
D  C  Moorhead 
G  C  Fomeroy 
Isaac  Lewis 
Geo  F  Maynard 
Robert  Miller 
H  Fisher 
J,  Richardson 
Th.omas  Fletcher 
Edward  R  Collins 
A  Belmont 
R  Nims 
R  R  Schekee 
J  Collins 
M  Livingston. 
S  M  Fox 
M  Willett 
Calvin  Blytho 
MS  Brown 
J  T  Mcrritt 
W  H  Merritt 
S  T  Fairchild* 
B  Merritt 
M  L  Drake 
Edward  D  Ellis 
B  C  Whittemore 
M  F  Merritt 
W  P  Way 
J  T  Whitecar 
William  Talbott 
O  Coggaball 
W  Hoyt 
A  A  Boyce 
J  Brownfield 
S  M  Beeaon 
J  Beeson 
S  M  Johnson 
Thomas  i.eonard 
William  ^  Wells 
J  B  Plumbe 
E  Lyon 
D  Wager 
S  C  Hammond 
T  P  Tucker 
J  L  Freeland 
ADRatlibona 
C  Britton 

786  G  PWay 

787  A  J  Bergen 

788  C  J  Bergen 
760    H  Hunt 


73i 

733 

734 

735 

736 

737 

738 

739 

740 

741 

742 

743 

7.44 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

750 

751 

752 

753 

754 

755 

756 

757 

758 

759 

780 

761 

782 

••,83 

7(V1 

765 

tee 

767 
768 
769 
770 
771 
t72 
773 
774 
775 
776 
777 
778 
tp 
780 
781 
782 
783 


Poughkeepsie 
iMonroe  Mich 
Mt  Vernon  Ohio 
New  York 
Flushing  Mich 
Detroit        •' 
Washington  D  <' 

New  York 

«(      It 

Albany  N  Y 
Monroe  Mich 
Richmoud  Va 


Boston  Mass 

Philadelphia 

New   York 
kt        •> 

Monroe  Mich 
Georgetown  D  0 
New  York 


Georgetown  I)  C 
Philadelphia 
New  York 


Cazenovia  N  Y 
New  York 
Pontiac  Mich 
Detroit      " 
P-on^iac      ♦' 
New    York 
Philadelphia 

New  Brighton  Pa 
Grand  Rapids  M:?h 
Pontiac  " 

Lockport  N  Y 
Sonthbend  Ind 

4(  tt 

Niles  Mich 
Detroit  " 
Monroe  " 
IJtica  N  Y 
Albany  N  Y 
Detroit  Mich 
Utica  N  Y 
Ypsilanti  Mich 
St  Clair 
Philadelphia 
Grand  Rapids'Mich 
St  Joseph       '    " 
Philadelphia 
New  York 

iDetroit  Mirh 


; 


'itV    LAKK    HJJPKRIOR. 


\H^ 


EAflB. 


; 


7l«l    ;J   Alll<  l>tU 

7D1   !«  W  Lester 

■;i«-.J  jTwo  Slickiiey 

7y:i  \V.  C  Devoo 

T;M  j.r  A  Stoutenburgh 

79.-1  IVV  Hnrrick 

79«    G  Harrison 

707 

79S 

791) 

^00 

^?01 

ho:} 

801 
H0.> 
«0(J 

SOB 
809 
810 
811 
912 
813 
814 
8lu 
816 
817 
818 
819 
8>20 

8'2-2 
8'i3 
8!i.l 


W  W  Dcane 

|J  B  Robl) 
,T  P  Chandler 
iJ  Kearslov 
jA  W  William  j 
!j  M  Knight 
J  W  Foster 
It  G  Bradford 
'|G  M  Dewey 
VVJ  Danich 
C  L  Dibbli! 
E  T  T  Martin 
G  II  Hazleton 
H  L  Whipple 
H  C  Linalmry 
\\  C  Knight 
H  Hipgins 
E  H  Thomson 
James  S  Kingsland 
J  A  Hale 
S  Ward 
F  M  Wvinan 
J  C  Miller 
D  V  Bell 
I  E  Crary 

H  P  Adams 
D  V  Edsil 
F  Farrand 

E  B  Bostwick 

L  Day 

E  llurd 

D  Swift 

E  Gnstorphs 

H  D  Marsh 

J  B  Williams 

J  L  Carpenter 

J  Denton 

A  Freeman 

,1  G  Bond 

W  W  Murphy 

F  A  Swift 

John  Griswold 

S  Murphy 

R  Lawrence 

T  Tillotson 

A  B  Cook 

A  Clark 

D  Clark 

R  Williamson 
^^    L  Wilson 


826 

8-27 

8-28 

«-29 

830 

831 

832 

S33 

R34 

835 

836 

8:i7 

838 

639 

840 

841 

842 

813 

844 

sl7 


Bridgewater   Pa 
Detroit  Midi 
Manhattan  Ohio 

Hyde  Park  N  Y 

it        >i        tt 

It  it  >k 

Monroe  Mich 

Monroe  Mich 

Boston  Mass 
tt        >> 

Detroit  Midi 

Owasso    *' 

Buffalo  N  Y 

Zanesville  Ohio 

Bo;Uon  Mass 

Flint  Mich 

Toledo  Ohio 

New  York 

(Jtica  N  Y 

Flint    Mich 

Detroit  " 

Pontiac  " 
It        tt 

Detroit  " 
Flint  " 
Monroe  " 


New  York 

Monroe  Mich 
ti  tt 

Marshall  " 
It  t» 

Milford     " 

Manhattan  Ohio 

Jackson  Mich 

Grand  Rapids  Mich 

South  Bend  Ind 

Middleport  N  Y 

Detroit  Mich 

Missouri 

Unknown 

New  York 

Pontiac  Mich 

Ann  Arbor  Mich 

Middleport  N  Y 

Detroit  Mich 

Jonesville 

JaclfWbn  Mich 

.Detroit      " 

i  Monroe      ** 

Ann  Arbor " 

Marshall    *' 
It  tt 

It  .* 

;       ti         .  tt 

tt  tt 


F»il«fe]|^k 


^ 


188 


MINERAL    REGION 


b>i» 

a  M  vv  iigiii 

iMarsUaH   muli 

85 1 

E  BraHlov 

tt           t( 

fc52 

H  nuniphrey 

a            n, 

8.W 

Oiuis  rinrd 

Rcyn  ih's  Brsin 

&'>4 

J  VV  S(niirf.s 

Grand   Rajtids  Mic 

e.").) 

»  N  (.'iHii-fh 

Pontiac                  " 

850 

!•:  S  William-* 

•  >                        it 

8.)7 

iVI   Davlon 

Lcc!si)urt   N  Y 

fi.lS 

VV  P  iViniels 

Toledo  Ohio 

e.)9 

F  VV  Kirtliind 

Jackson  Mich 

860 

B  Phelps 

Pontiac      *' 

80 1 

J  Kiitlerfield 

tt           tt 

862 

n  HulU 

Locknort  N  Y 

SO.*] 

H  Parke 

Pontii  c  Mich 

801 

T  IJ  Mvers 

New  York 

80.) 

G  B  Field 

»i       It 

860 

I)  C  Walker 

UticH  Mid) 

807 

G  S|)cnror 

Pontiac  *' 

808 

W  T  Mitchell 

Detroit   " 

869 

E  F  Cuok 

Farminjiton 

870 

M  Cidwallader 

Hutr.ilo  N  Y 

871 

I)  Wallis 

Pontiac  Mich 

872 

J  R  Sniitii 

Monroe      " 

673 

J  Hale 

tt           tt 

874 

H  V  Mail 

>•          .t 

875 

EA  Burrill 

fiocki.ort  N  Y 

870 

F  H  Stevetiij 

Troy  Mich 

877 

S  M  StcUc 

Unknown 

878 

J  S  Rowl.iiid 

Detroit  Mich 

879 

A  S  Kellofrg 

t>           tt 

88:) 

ri  A  Rood 

tt           tt 

881 

J  W  Carr 

Jackson     " 

882 

S  T  Carr 

.t            tt 

883 

11  J  Stow 

Bnfialo  N  Y 

864 

D  Evans 

Lnckport  N  Y 

8ft> 

Joseph  Complon 

Middlci>ort  N  V 

880 

David  M  Hinsdale 

Pontiac  Mi«h 

887 

Joiin  McMorran 

[joclcport  N  V 

888 

Nathaniel   Niles 

Washinfjton  I)  C 

889 

Charles  Mathews 

New  York 

890 

E<rl)ert  Benson 

tt 

891 

William  H  Kuntz 

York    Penn 

892 

Georpe  Miencli 

tt        tt 

893 

John  Hou<;li 

Pensyhania 

894 

Henry  Schrivner 

tt 

895 

Thomas  White 

Pittsl)urpli  Pa 

890 

R  Godfrov 

Monro?  Mich 

T 

J  C  D  Williams  a 

Unknown 

r 

John  Kemp  a                     j 

VVyota  W  T 

i 

James  Thomas  a 

Unkown 

tt 

C  Nolen  a                           | 

tt 

X 

W  H  Parks  a 

Ottowa  Co.  Mich 

XV 

S  Ketehum  a 

Marshall 

XIX 

D  S  Bacon                           : 

Monroe              *' 

XX 

J  L  Button 

(t                  ti 

XXI 

J  B  Dutton 

it                  >t 

XXU    1 

A  VV  Brockvvay  a 

Saut  Ste  Mario 

XXIII  1 

C  A  Watson  a                     j 

New  York 

XXV 

J  Beengrand  a                    i 

Buffalo  N  Y 
Copper  Harhf!? 

rmi' 

L  Pcrdrauvuh  b.                  « 

' 


itu-,«^: 


y* 


lEASE. 


' 


I 


OF    LAKE    eiJPERIOK. 


180 


No.  2. 

LIST   OF   PERMITS, 

Which  have  been  withdrawn  and  relocated  with  the  numbers, 
which  having  been  drojiped,  or  not  used,  do  not  appear  on  the 
map.     Tl'iis  list  does  not  embrace  any  conflicting  locations 


Original  No, 

Name. 

SKNT  Nl'MDEH. 

4 

D  llug^des 

319  inclusive 

5 

VV  P  iluggles 

719    *' 

727         ** 

94 

H  Higgins 

814 

95 

G  H  llazlcton 

810 

9(> 

E  If  Thomson 

815 

194 

C  JJourissau 

432 

195 

L  Cnntaina 

431 

]96 

D  Millet 

430 

197 

VV  Cameron 

428 

198 

P  I^a  Riviere 

429 

201 

W  A  Cheever 

423 

204 

D  A  Hall 

424 

288 

J  Ward 

637 

357 

D  V  Bell 

821 

434 

J  E  Hyde 

681 

435 

J  McCabe 

679 

43G 

Z  B  Knight 

682 

437 

TJ  Hunt 

680 

714 

A  Pell 

,    112 

The  first  or  original  numbers  of  these  Permits  have  been  drop- 
ped, and  are  not  on  the  map,  and  numbers  228  to  245  inclusive, 
297  306  to  310  inclusive,  358,  359,  600,  639,  640,  643  and  730 
have  either  never  been  used  or  have  been  withdrawn. 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


T 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


tarn 

■  50  

\u    mm 


M 
1.8 


1.4    IIIIII.6 


■^2 


/^ 


^w\  "^^ 
^^'  %  ^ 

y^^^/.,. 


^/M 


nl-_x_ 


.Ui^ 


niuiugicipiiic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WE'»l  <«AAIN  STKFET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14530 

(716)  «72-4503 


4\^ 


,\ 


,v 


'^\ 


:\ 


^ 


'9> 


V 


o^ 


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f  ;■ 


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^pumnniii.    '..nummm^mtufnmmmmmmmimiii^ 


190 


MINKHAL    REOION 


No.  3. 

LIST   OF  THE   LOCATlOiNS 

Which  by  the  new  and  correct  n.ap   are   ^o^l^J^:;^^^, 
others  previously  made,  with  the  P-     ^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^  map. 
Those  lost  in  part  only,  appear  by  their  numbers  «^^^^ 


No. 

"6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 


Name. 


W  J  Wells 

T  B  Biddle 

F  Norvell 

D  Phoenix 

C  Bestor 
_    J  A  Smith 
XXV  j  J  Beau  grand 
52    J  Winder 

165  R  Miller 

166  J  J  Roberts 
182    J  Sahl 

191    K  MuUer 
2C6    N  Sargeant 
269  IJ  M  Williams 
295  I J  Hanna 

301  |W  Hale 

302  FA  Hardmg 

303  E  Brooks 
342    M  Wyckoff 

373  E  Raume 

374  W  W  Spaulding 

404  IW  H  Boyer 

405  |W  R  Gormly 

406  W  W  Dallas 

407  G  R  White 
410  IT  Ten  Eyck 
438  !h  Hubbard 

450  \D  D  Davis 

451  iE  Jones 
iB  Sweeney 
jj  M  Parsons 

H  A  Tillotson 
C  P  Ke.Uogy 
A  W  Spie-i 

-..,  iB  Banks 

479  '  M  Soule 


,.  n^vpiTrTi?  Part  LOST. 

j  With  what  Confmci*.  i 

I  Location    ^'i'  \     u 


n 
a 
.( 
<( 

(( 
(( 
a 

Lease 


u 
(< 
(t 
<t 

«i 

34 
(( 


Location  259        ,  .^  ,  .  ..«  n-c 
"    9,10,11,12,13,14,97,3.. 

i*  258 

*^  257 

a  256 

«*  341 

i'  295 

a  ^^95 

««  246,  99,  317)  315 

u         246 

24G,  248 

248,99,100,246 

*'  595 

i«  295 

99,315,393 
99   100,  247,  393 
51,  52,  55,  438 
247 
ii  100,  101 

449 
i»  311,84 

4»  84,  88 

317.315,311 


or    LAKK    KTTERron. 


191 


No. 

Namk. 

With  what  Conki.k  is. 

'art  r.osT. 

490 

W  W  Hudson 

Location  ^^55                                j 

1--^ 

503 

J  Q  Adams 

a 

295 

all 

504 

H  Smith 

(< 

295 

2-3 

523 

E  Kingman 

<( 

295 

1-3 

524 

H  B  Loomis 

(( 

295 

1-3 

525 

S  P  Lvman 

(( 

295 

1-4 

535 

13  H  Cheever 

n 

224 

1-3 

545 

H  D  Oliphant 

<( 

105,  107,  372 

3-4 

546 

A  Shepard 

(( 

372,  375 

1-2 

547  i 

FA  Elliot 

(( 

107,  108 

1-2 

552 

J  R  Bowman 

•  ( 

100,  101,248 

3-4 

553 

J  H  Sinclair 

u 

371 

1-4 

555 

A  F  MeReynolds 

(( 

370,  376 

1-2 

543 

J  Robinson 

"101,102,103,104,105,106,. 

2-3 

[107,108,249 

549 

D  E  Harbaugh 

it 

101,103 

1-2 

550 

W  D  Willson 

<< 

103 

1-4 

595J 

M  Mann 

(( 

393,  394 

all 

596J 

E  C  Noble 

(( 

394 

1-2 

608 

A  Rudolph 

<( 

370,  375,  376 

3-4 

611 

S  Smith 

(< 

695,734  and  Lease  29 

3-4 

612 

A  Grover 

(( 

729               «♦       «' 

all 

613 

W  Smith 

(( 

728               *•       " 

all 

614 

H  D  Rogers 

(( 

320 

all 

622 

A  S  Baker 

(( 

16 

1-3 

625 

P  M  Everett 

(1 

370 

1-2 

626 

J  Hawks 

(( 

623,  617 

3-4 

626^ 

J  Ketchum 

it 

617 

1-5 

627 

J  Peters 

(C 

227 

all 

631 

A  Ledger 

(( 

108 

1-4 

633 

G  S  Rockwell 

(< 

370 

1-4 

635 

W  S  Richmond 

(( 

461 

1-2 

641 

J  L  Rogers 

n 

Previously  made 

all 

648 

B  N  Chapman 

(I 

375 

1-4 

654 

J  Dickey 

(( 

655,  656,  657,  658 

1-3 

656 

M  E  Van  Buren 

(( 

399 

1-3 

658 

Charles  H  Carey 

(( 

657 

1-3 

670 

J  S  Milford 

(t 

137 

all 

687 

A  Ferris 

«< 

831 

1-2 

688 

Cowdin 

(( 

831 

1-4 

742 

J  Lewis 

(< 

832 

1-3 

Z 

Clark  Burnham 

It 

Previously  made 

2-3 

